“…Heterogeneous integration of semiconductor material GaAs on Ge substrate has received considerable attentions for the possible applications in various microelectronic and optoelectronic devices [1][2][3][4], such as multi-junction solar cells, complementary metaloxide-semiconductor (CMOS), and bipolar transistors. The high quality GaAs films grown on Ge substrates are crucial important for the performances of these devices.…”