Research Note: First evidence of infectious bronchitis virus Middle-East GI-23 lineage (Var2-like) in Germany

Fischer, Stephani; Klosterhalfen, Dirk; Kump, Frederik Wilms-Schulze; Casteel, Maximilian

doi:10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.031

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…GI-23 lineage of IBV was first recognized in Israel in 1998 from chickens suffering from respiratory and kidney lesions (Meir et al, 2004;Valastro et al, 2016) then spread rapidly to Egypt and other Middle East countries. For nearly 20 years, the strains of GI-23 have been geographically limited to Middle East countries, but have recently spread to some European countries (Valastro et al, 2016;Lisowska et al, 2017;Fischer et al, 2019). In Egypt, GI-23 lineage has become the most prevalent lineage in the field as the majority of circulating IBV variant strains reported in chickens belong to this lineage as stated in many studies (Awad et al, 2014;Valastro et al, 2016;Zanaty et al, 2016;Abdel-Sabour et al, 2017;Abozeid et al, 2017;Naguib et al, 2017), Which is consistent with the results obtained in this study.…”

Section: Distance and Phylogenetic Analysis Of Full-length S1 Genesupporting

confidence: 91%

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-length S1 Gene of GI-16 and GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Qena, Egypt.

Sabra¹,

Abdellatif²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2020

jwpr

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Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a highly evolving virus that affects respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems. This virus is recognized as an important pathogen due to the continuous genesis of new variants that threaten the poultry industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize emerging IBV variants originated from field outbreaks in Qena province, Egypt, and to study their genetic relationships with global strains. From September 2017 to January 2019, 52 field samples were collected from broiler flocks suspected of being infected with IBV. The collected samples were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs via allantoic route for virus isolation. The IBV presence was confirmed using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) assay targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene and finally, nine samples were selected from 29 positive samples with rRT-PCR for further genetic characterization through full-length spike (S1) gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that one isolate (IBV/CK/EG/QENA-4/2017) clustered within genotype I lineage 16 (GI-16). On the other hand, the remaining eight isolates (2017-2018) belonged to genotype I lineage 23 (GI-23) and clustered separately in monophyletic clade. The isolates in this study were found to share only 74.6-82.1% amino acid identity with the commonly used vaccine strains in Egypt. In conclusion, findings of this study provide informative data on circulating IBVs in the study area and highlight the importance of adopting a convenient vaccination strategy that can be more efficient for controlling the emergence of new IBV variants.

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Section: Distance and Phylogenetic Analysis Of Full-length S1 Genesupporting

confidence: 91%

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-length S1 Gene of GI-16 and GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Qena, Egypt.

Sabra¹,

Abdellatif²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2020

jwpr

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“…The present evidence testifies the GI-23 circulation in few European countries [ 29 , 30 , 47 ], and its spread appears much less effective compared to the one reported for other lineages after their introduction in Europe [ 8 , 33 ]. Similarly, even in the Middle East and Asia, viral expansion to new countries seems to involve primary neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…IBV has been demonstrated to be a virus with a remarkable evolutionary potential, which has led to the emergence of several genotypes and lineages, some of those featured by outstanding epidemiological success. Among these lineages, the GI-23 was initially discovered in Middle East countries and has been more recently identified out of this area and reported in the Far East, Africa, and Europe [ 17 , 18 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Houta

Hassan

Legnardi

et al. 2021

Animals

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Infectious bronchitis virus GI-23 lineage, although described approximately two decades ago in the Middle East, has recently drawn remarkable attention and is considered an “emerging” lineage due to its current spread to several other regions, including Europe. Despite the relevance, no comprehensive studies are available investigating its epidemiologic and evolutionary pattern. The present phylodynamic study was designed to fill this gap, benefitting from a collection of freely available GI-23 sequences and ad-hoc generated European ones. After a relatively ancient origin in the Middle East, likely in the first half of the previous century, GI-23 circulated largely undetected or underdiagnosed for a long time in this region, likely causing little damage, potentially because of low virulence coupled with limited development of avian industry in the considered years and regions and insufficient diagnostic activity. The following development of the poultry industry and spread to other countries led to a progressive but slow increase of viral population size between the late ‘90s and 2010. An increase in viral virulence could also be hypothesized. Of note, a big recombinant cluster, likely originating in the Middle East but spreading thereafter, especially to Europe through Turkey, demonstrated a much-marked increase in viral population size compared to previously circulating variants. The extensive available GI-23 sequence datasets allowed to demonstrate several potential epidemiological links among African, Asian, and European countries, not described for other IBV lineages. However, differently from previously investigated IBV lineages, its spread appears to primarily involve neighbouring countries and those with strong economic and political relationships. It could thus be speculated that frequent effective contacts among locations are necessary for efficient strain transmission. Some countries appear to play a major role as a “bridge” among less related locations, being Turkey the most relevant example. The role of vaccination in controlling the viral population was also tentatively evaluated. However, despite some evidence suggesting such an effect, the bias in sequence and data availability and the variability in the applied vaccination protocols prevent robust conclusions and warrant further investigations.

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“…At the end of 2015, the first case of infectious bronchitis caused by GI-23 (Var2) IBV was recognized in Poland [ 8 ]. Furthermore, the emergence of closely-related Var2 strains was reported in Romania and Germany, indicating the spread of this variant in Europe [ 9 , 10 ]. In Poland, in the following years, the number of Var2 cases had increased accounting for over 28% of all lineages detected between 2018–2019 [ 8 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Properties of GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Poland and Efficacy of Different Vaccination strategies

et al. 2021

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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. IBV is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. Despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. In the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the GI-23 lineage of IBV (formerly known as Var2) started from Middle-Eastern countries and reached Europe in the last few years. Recently, the introduction and fast spread of Var2-like IBVs in Poland was reported. In this study, the virulence properties and efficacy of different vaccination programmes were evaluated against infection with the IBV GI-23 strain gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016. The pathogenicity of the Var2 isolate was conducted in one-day-old and three-week-old SPF chickens and showed that the course of the disease is age dependent. Seven vaccination programmes using Mass, 793B, QX alone or in combination, and Var2 live vaccines were tested against the GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. All groups were scored according to the ciliostasis test at 5 days post challenge. Two immunoprophylaxis strategies generated full protection against gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016 infection—Var2 and Mass used in one-day-old chickens boosted by a combination of the QX and 793B vaccine (both with a ciliostasis score of 0 and 100% protection).

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Research Note: First evidence of infectious bronchitis virus Middle-East GI-23 lineage (Var2-like) in Germany

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-length S1 Gene of GI-16 and GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Qena, Egypt.

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-length S1 Gene of GI-16 and GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Qena, Egypt.

Phylodynamic and Recombination Analyses of Avian Infectious Bronchitis GI-23 Reveal a Widespread Recombinant Cluster and New Among-Countries Linkages

Virulence Properties of GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Poland and Efficacy of Different Vaccination strategies

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