Research Gaps in Fragile X Syndrome: An Updated Literature Review to Inform Clinical and Public Health Practice

Abstract

Objective: The phenotypic impact of fragile X syndrome (FXS) has been well-documented since the discovery of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 gene 30 years ago. However, gaps remain in clinical and public health research. The purpose of this literature review was to determine the extent to which these gaps have been addressed and identify targeted areas of future research. Methods: We conducted an electronic search of several scientific databases using a variety of key words. The search focused on 5 areas identified as research gaps by an earlier review: (1) diagnosis, (2) phenotypic presentation, (3) familial impact, (4) interventions and treatments, and (5) life span perspectives. Inclusion criteria included publication between 2014 and 2020, focus on human subjects, and publication in English. A total of 480 articles were identified, 365 were reviewed, and 112 are summarized in this review. Results: Results are organized into the following categories: (1) FXS phenotype and subtypes (FXS subtypes, medical profile, cognitive/developmental profile, social and behavioral profile); (2) needs of adults; (3) public health needs (clinical diagnosis and newborn screening, health care needs, and access); ( 4) treatment (treatment priorities, pharmacological treatments, and behavioral and educational interventions); and (5) families (economic burden and mother-child relationship). Conclusion: Despite the progress in many areas of FXS research, work remains to address gaps in clinical and public health knowledge. We pose 3 main areas of focused research, including early detection and diagnosis, determinants of health, and development and implementation of targeted interventions.

Sensory Symptoms and Signs of Hyperarousal in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome: Findings from the FORWARD Registry and Database Multisite Study

“…There should be more research on how SS and signs of HA present in children from 0 to 3 years, since these problems occur somewhat less often in this age range. Knowledge about young children may be limited since they frequently are not diagnosed until about age 3 (Raspa et al, 2023). Continuation of research into the biological underpinnings of SS and HA is recommended, focusing on stress response systems (Contractor et al, 2015;Fung & Reiss, 2016;Hessl et al, 2002).…”