Research Facilities for Europe’s Next Generation Gravitational-Wave Detector Einstein Telescope

Pace, S. Di; Mangano, V.; Pierini, L.; Rezaei, A.S.; Hennig, J.; Hennig, M. H.; Pascucci, D.; Allocca, A.; Melo, I. Tosta e; Nair, Vishnu G.; Orban, Philippe; Sider, Ameer; Shani‐Kadmiel, Shahar; Heijningen, J. V. van

doi:10.3390/galaxies10030065

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…The IPP offers three key advantages: (1) it provides a point positioning system to compensate for tidal drift [27,28], (2) it reduces the oscillation modes by providing a suitable positioning of the entire isolation system, and (3) it results in a very low horizontal resonance frequency (about 40 mHz for Virgo [4] and 70 mHz for KAGRA [29]). However, the very long ET isolation system increases design complexity and infrastructure cost [24,30].…”

Section: Compact Isolation For Large Mirrormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several prototypes and facilities are currently being built around the world to prepare and validate the technology required for these future instruments. For ET, four research facilities are currently operated in Europe to develop all the necessary technologies required to achieve the desired performance of the ET detector: E-TEST, ETpathfinder, Amaldi Research Center (ARC), and SarGrav [24]. This article presents the current research activities of the E-TEST.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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E-TEST: a compact low-frequency isolator for a large cryogenic mirror

Sider

Fronzo

Amez-Droz

et al. 2023

Class. Quantum Grav.

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To achieve the expected level of sensitivity of third-generationgravitational-wave observatories, more accurate and sensitive instruments than those of the second generation must be used to reduce all sources of noise.Amongst them, one of the most relevant is seismic noise, which will require thedevelopment of a better isolation system, especially at low frequencies (below 10Hz), the operation of large cryogenic silicon mirrors, and the improvement ofoptical wavelength readouts. In this framework, this article presents the activitiesof the E-TEST (Einstein Telescope Euregio Meuse-Rhine Site & Technology) todevelop and test new key technologies for the next generation of GW observatories.A compact isolator system for a large silicon mirror at a low frequency is proposed. The design of the isolator allows the overall heightof the isolation system to be significantly compact and also suppresses seismicnoise at low frequencies. To minimize the effect of thermal noise, the isolationsystem is provided with a 100-kg silicon mirror which is suspended in a vacuumchamber at cryogenic temperature (25-40 K). To achieve this temperature withoutinducing vibrations to the mirror, a radiation-based cooling strategy is employed.In addition, cryogenic sensors and electronics are being developed as part of theE-TEST to detect vibrational motion in the penultimate cryogenic stage. Sincethe used silicon material is not transparent below the wavelengthstypically used for GW detectors, new optical components andlasers must be developed in the range above 1500 nm to reduce absorption andscattering losses. Therefore, solid-state and fiber lasers with a wavelength of 2090nm, matching high-efficiency photodiodes, and low-noise crystalline coatings arebeing developed. Accordingly, the key technologies provided by E-TEST servecrucially to reduce the limitations of the current generation of GW observatoriesand to determine the technical design for the next generation.

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Section: Compact Isolation For Large Mirrormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-TEST: a compact low-frequency isolator for a large cryogenic mirror

Sider

Fronzo

Amez-Droz

et al. 2023

Class. Quantum Grav.

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“…Quantum-correlated photon states and compressed light states can also be used for quantumenhanced sensing [22]. Squeezed light strategies for nextgeneration telescopes are being developed utilizing nextgeneration gravitational-wave detectors [23]. Ongoing efforts in integrated quantum photonics rely on the fabrication of quantum photonic integrated circuits, which may be globally or locally integrated.…”

Section: ) Photonic Qstmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Quantum Sensing Potential for Systems Applications

et al. 2023

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The current rise of quantum technology is compelled by quantum sensing research. Thousands of research labs are developing and testing a broad range of sensor prototypes. However, there is a lack of knowledge about specific applications and real-world use cases where the benefits of these sensors will be most pronounced. This study presents a comprehensive review of quantum sensing state-of-practice. It also provides a detailed analysis of how quantum sensing overcomes the existing limitations of sensordriven systems' precision and performance. Based on the review of over 500 quantum sensor prototype reports, we determined four groups of quantum sensors and discussed their readiness for commercial usage. We concluded that quantum magnetometry and quantum optics are the most advanced sensing technologies with empirically proven results. In turn, quantum timing and kinetics are still in the early stages of practical validation. In addition, we defined four systems domains in which quantum sensors offer a solution for existing limitations of conventional sensing technologies. These domains are 1) GPS-free positioning and navigating services, 2) time-based operations, 3) topological visibility, and 4) environment detection, prediction, and modeling. Finally, we discussed the current constraints of quantum sensing technologies and offered directions for future research.

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“…The length of the measurement arm is defined by the architecture to cool down the mirror inside the vacuum chamber. 18 According to the length of the measurement arm, the reference arm is, in principle, 3 m. In Fig. 4 we schematically illustrate the interferometer with the optical layout of a Michelson Interferometer.…”

Section: Optical Layout Of the Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low coherence interferometry to characterize the induced vibrations and topology change of the cryogenic mirror of the Einstein Telescope prototype

Pérez

Georges

Lenaerts

et al. 2022

Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation V

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We describe the state of development of a white light interferometer to characterize the cryogenic mirrors for GW detector on operation. We include the first experimental results from the proof of concept of the metrology instrument. The instrument will characterize the topology as well as the vibration of the mirrors. This development takes place in the frame of the E-TEST project. E-TEST is one of the technology demonstrators for the future Einstein Telescope (ET). ET is dedicated to the measure and characterization of gravitational waves. The prototype built by E-TEST includes a large silicon mirror of 40 cm diameter suspended by innovative vibration isolation hanging modules. To reach the detection specification, the mirror is cooled down at cryogenic temperatures around 20 K. Nevertheless, even after the isolation, the mirror may not reach perfect stability once at cryogenic temperatures. Furthermore, the mirror may experience surface topology changes and wavefront deformation due to the extreme variations in temperature and gradient. With our metrology instrument, we can obtain on a single camera frame a set of interferogram maps of the area observed on the mirror at different optical path differences. To do this, we design an innovative phase mask for a white light low-coherence interferometer. In addition, we implement new algorithms for the white light interferogram analysis, avoiding the limitations of the conventional Phase Shifting Interferometry algorithms.

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Research Facilities for Europe’s Next Generation Gravitational-Wave Detector Einstein Telescope

Cited by 17 publications

References 87 publications

E-TEST: a compact low-frequency isolator for a large cryogenic mirror

E-TEST: a compact low-frequency isolator for a large cryogenic mirror

Exploring Quantum Sensing Potential for Systems Applications

Low coherence interferometry to characterize the induced vibrations and topology change of the cryogenic mirror of the Einstein Telescope prototype

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