Research article Toxicity Studies on Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (calcined iron rust) prepared by Classical and Muffle Furnace Methods

Abstract


 Background: Though a number of studies has been carried out in terms of safety of Kushta but concerns have been raised about the presence of heavy metals in Unani formulations. Classical method of preparation of KKH and other Kushta preparation in Unani system of medicine has been found to eliminate all such issues from the end product. Hence; the present study was designed to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity study of KKH prepared by Classical and Muffle furnace methods.
 Objective: To ascertain the safety profile of Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKH) prepared by classical and muffle furnace methods.
 Materials and methods:
 Both of the samples of KKH i.e. Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHCM) and Kushta Khabasul Hadeed (KKHMFM) prepared by Classical and Muffle Furnace Methods respectively were evaluated for acute and sub-acute toxicity by OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. The starting dose in the acute test was 50 mg/kg and in sub-acute test, it was 134mg, 200 mg and 400 mg/kg b.w. Effect of both of the test samples were assessed for ponderal changes, food and water intake, relative organs weights, hematological, biochemical and histopathological features of various organs.
 Results: Both of the samples did not produce any sign of toxicity in acute toxicity study up to the dose level of 2000mg/kg b.w. In sub-acute toxicity study no mortality in any of the test groups was observed. KKHCM at different doses showed a slight decrease in food intake in all the test groups but significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the test group B as compared to plain control.
 Conclusion: KKHMFM was found to be relatively toxic than KKHCM at different dose levels. The study demonstrated that both the Classical and Muffle furnace methods of preparation of Kushta are useful for preparing KKH and also safe at the dose prescribed in Unani literature. However, the Kushta prepared by the classical method was found to be safer than the muffle furnace method.

Transcriptome analysis revealed the role of moderate exogenous methyl jasmonate treatments in enhancing the metabolic pathway of L-borneol in the Blumea balsamifera

“…In Chinese medicine, the decoction of leaves taken as an expectorant is common and can also be found in Malaysia, India, and Mizoram ( Pang et al., 2014 ). In Vietnam, the vapor from boiling sambong leaves can be used as an inhalation for the treatment of cough and influenza ( Ahmad, 2021 ). Recently, research has shown that B. balsamifera DC has new applications as a diuretic or in the dissolution of renal stones ( Widhiantara and Jawi, 2021 ).…”

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“…In Chinese medicine, the decoction of leaves taken as an expectorant is common and can also be found in Malaysia, India, and Mizoram (Pang et al, 2014). In Vietnam, the vapor from boiling sambong leaves can be used as an inhalation for the treatment of cough and influenza (Ahmad, 2021). Recently, research has shown that B. balsamifera DC has new applications as a diuretic or in the dissolution of renal stones (Widhiantara and Jawi, 2021).…”

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“…In Chinese medicine, the decoction of leaves taken as an expectorant is common and can also be found in Malaysia, India, and Mizoram (Pang et al, 2014). In Vietnam, the vapor from boiling sambong leaves can be used as an inhalation for the treatment of cough and influenza (Ahmad, 2021). Recently, research has shown that B. balsamifera DC has new applications as a diuretic or in the dissolution of renal stones (Widhiantara and Jawi, 2021).…”