Research article. Racial discrimination and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operators: Findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study

Yen, Irene H.; Ragland, David R; Greiner, Birgit A.; Fisher, Jonathan

doi:10.1093/phr/114.5.448

Cited by 147 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…First, the results add to the sparse evidence base suggesting that exposure to racial prejudice and discriminatory treatment is associated with heavy drinking and alcohol problems among Blacks and Latinos generally (Mulia et al, 2008;Richman et al, 1996;Yen et al, 1999aYen et al, , 1999b. Bivariate analyses showed an overall pattern of incremental increases in past-year drunkenness, any drinking consequences, and two or more dependence symptoms at increasing levels of both perceived racial stigma and perceived unfair treatment, although there were exceptions to this rule, and not all of the associations were signifi cant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Racial Prejudice and Unfair Treatment: Interactive Effects With Poverty and Foreign Nativity on Problem Drinking

Zemore¹,

Karriker‐Jaffe²,

Keithly³

et al. 2011

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Although racial and ethnic minorities are often disadvantaged in multiple ways, little research has examined the interactive effects of multiple forms of disadvantage in these populations. The current study describes the independent and interactive effects of perceived prejudice, perceived unfair treatment, poverty, and foreign nativity on problem drinking outcomes among Black and Latino adults. Method: The data source was Black (n = 504) and Latino (n = 766) drinkers from the nationally representative, weighted 2005 National Alcohol Survey. Perceived prejudice was assessed using a composite measure of racial stigma consciousness; perceived unfair treatment was assessed using a single item. Respondents whose per capita household income was below the 2004 poverty guidelines were coded as "poor"; nativity status was assessed among Latinos. Outcomes included past-year drinking to drunkenness, any drinking-related consequences, and two or more dependence symptoms. Results: In bivariate tests, higher levels of unfair treatment were signifi cantly associated with all three outcomes among Blacks (marginally so for drunkenness) and dependence symptoms among Latinos. Further, higher racial stigma was signifi cantly associated with higher rates of any drinking consequences among Latinos. In multivariate logistic regressions, six signifi cant or marginally signifi cant interactions emerged. For each, the pattern of results suggested stronger associations between perceived prejudice/unfair treatment and problem drinking given either poverty or foreign nativity. Conclusions: Although fi ndings were somewhat mixed, the pattern of results tentatively supports the hypothesis that associations between problem drinking and both prejudice and unfair treatment can be exacerbated given the presence of other stressors, particularly among Latinos. Results extend the literature on the health consequences of prejudice and discrimination, highlighting important effects of cumulative adversity and suggesting a need to focus particularly on drinkers exposed to the combined effects of multiple stressors in prevention and treatment efforts. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 72, 361-370, 2011)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Racial Prejudice and Unfair Treatment: Interactive Effects With Poverty and Foreign Nativity on Problem Drinking

Zemore¹,

Karriker‐Jaffe²,

Keithly³

et al. 2011

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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show abstract

“…These fi ndings extend prior research focused on racial discrimination and its negative impacts on minority drinking problems. Interestingly, although we used a broad measure of unfair treatment that differs from measures of racial discrimination used by Yen et al (1999) and Martin et al (2003), the observed associations with problem drinking are of similar magnitude across these studies, corresponding to a twofold increased risk in minority populations. This suggests that social hardship of this nature may have robust effects on problem drinking among black and Hispanic Americans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The lack of a relationship between social disadvantage and at-risk drinking among drinkers was somewhat unexpected, given that several studies have reported a positive relationship to heavy drinking (Mulia, 2003;Yen et al, 1999;Zemore et al, 2006). However, the operationalization of heavy drinking has varied across studies, and the at-risk drinking measure used here applies relatively low cutpoints, consistent with NIAAA's clinician guidelines (NIAAA, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although the use of a single item and its framing as "unfair treatment" is consistent with measures of perceived racial discrimination in many general health surveys (Gee, 2002;Schulz et al, 2000a;Williams et al, 2003;Yen et al, 1999), the item used here does not specify attribution for unfair treatment. The question may thus broadly capture unfair treatment on the basis of race as well as other dimensions of difference, such as socioeconomic position, that are relevant to both racial/ethnic minorities and whites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Disadvantage, Stress, and Alcohol Use Among Black, Hispanic, and White Americans: Findings From the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey

Mulia

Zemore

et al. 2008

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

211

175

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“…A number of studies have found that chronic exposure to racial bias and unfair treatment is associated with exces-sive alcohol use and problems (Chae et al, 2008b;Gee et al, 2007;Martin et al, 2003;Mulia et al, 2008b;Yen et al, 1999;Zemore et al, 2011). Research on these social adversities has been largely directed at understanding minority health and racial disparities in health rather than socioeconomic disparities per se.…”

Section: Social Adversity and Alcohol Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Adversity, Stress, and Alcohol Problems: Are Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Poor More Vulnerable?

Mulia

Zemore

2012

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Experiences of racial/ethnic bias and unfair treatment are risk factors for alcohol problems, and population differences in exposure to these social adversities (i.e., differential exposure) may contribute to alcohol-related disparities. Differential vulnerability is another plausible mechanism underlying health disparities, yet few studies have examined whether populations differ in their vulnerability to the effects of social adversity on psychological stress and the effects of psychological stress on alcohol problems. Method: Data from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey (N = 4,080 adult drinkers) were analyzed using structural equation modeling to assess an overall model of pathways linking social adversity, depressive symptoms, heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence. Multiple group analyses were conducted to assess differences in the model's relationships among Blacks versus Whites, Hispanics versus Whites, and the poor (income below the federal poverty line) versus non-poor (income above the poverty line). Results:The overall model explained 48% of the variance in alcohol dependence and revealed signifi cant pathways between social adversity and alcohol dependence involving depressive symptoms and heavy drinking. The effects of social adversity and depressive symptoms were no different among Blacks and Hispanics compared with Whites. However, the poor (vs. non-poor) showed stronger associations between unfair treatment and depressive symptoms and between depressive symptoms and heavy drinking. Conclusions: Contrary to some prior studies, these fi ndings suggest that racial disparities in alcohol problems may be more a function of racial/ethnic minorities' greater exposure, rather than vulnerability, to chronic stressors such as social adversity. However, observed differences between the poor and non-poor imply that differential vulnerability contributes to socioeconomic disparities in alcohol problems. Efforts to reduce both differential exposure and vulnerability might help to mitigate these disparities. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 73, 570-580, 2012)

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Research article. Racial discrimination and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operators: Findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study

Abstract: Data from a sample of urban transit operators showed an association between the number of domains of discrimination and some alcohol-related outcomes, but not others.

Cited by 147 publications

References 27 publications

Racial Prejudice and Unfair Treatment: Interactive Effects With Poverty and Foreign Nativity on Problem Drinking

Racial Prejudice and Unfair Treatment: Interactive Effects With Poverty and Foreign Nativity on Problem Drinking

Social Disadvantage, Stress, and Alcohol Use Among Black, Hispanic, and White Americans: Findings From the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey

Social Adversity, Stress, and Alcohol Problems: Are Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Poor More Vulnerable?

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