Research agenda for preventing mosquito-transmitted diseases through improving the built environment in sub-Saharan Africa

Shenton, Fiona C.; Addissie, Adamu; Alabaster, Graham; Baziwe, Dorothy; Carrasco-Tenezaca, Majo; Chinula, Dingani; Jatta, Ebrima; Jawara, Musa; Jones, Robert T.; Knudsen, Jakob; Krystosik, Amy R.; McCann, Robert S.; Ng’ang’a, Murima; Mutuku, Francis; Nguela, Rachel Laure; Sanchez, Claudia Nieto; Nix, Emily; Okumu, Fredros O.; Ruel-Bergeron, Sarah; Spitzen, Jeroen; Tusting, Lucy S.; Wilson, Anne L.; Wood, Hannah; Zahouli, Julien Z. B.; Davies, Martin; Lindsay, Steve W.

doi:10.1080/23748834.2019.1684771

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Because these challenges are common to any vector control effort targeting the built environment, they are already the focus of ongoing discussions. 6 , 31 The emerging consensus is that successful implementation of house-based malaria control interventions will require us to rethink distribution pathways and rely on multisectoral collaborations at every level. Rapid economic and population growth in sub-Saharan Africa means that millions of new houses will be built in the coming decade and millions more existing houses will be retrofitted with modern housing features.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial

et al. 2021

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Summary Background New vector control tools are required to sustain the fight against malaria. Lethal house lures, which target mosquitoes as they attempt to enter houses to blood feed, are one approach. Here we evaluated lethal house lures consisting of In2Care (Wageningen, Netherlands) Eave Tubes, which provide point-source insecticide treatments against host-seeking mosquitoes, in combination with house screening, which aims to reduce mosquito entry. Methods We did a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial with 40 village-level clusters in central Côte d'Ivoire between Sept 26, 2016, and April 10, 2019. All households received new insecticide-treated nets at universal coverage (one bednet per two people). Suitable households within the clusters assigned to the treatment group were offered screening plus Eave Tubes, with Eave Tubes treated using a 10% wettable powder formulation of the pyrethroid β-cyfluthrin. Because of the nature of the intervention, treatment could not be masked for households and field teams, but all analyses were blinded. The primary endpoint was clinical malaria incidence recorded by active case detection over 2 years in cohorts of children aged 6 months to 10 years. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN18145556. Findings 3022 houses received screening plus Eave Tubes, with an average coverage of 70% across the intervention clusters. 1300 eligible children were recruited for active case detection in the control group and 1260 in the intervention group. During the 2-year follow-up period, malaria case incidence was 2·29 per child-year (95% CI 1·97–2·61) in the control group and 1·43 per child-year (1·21–1·65) in the intervention group (hazard ratio 0·62, 95% CI 0·51–0·76; p<0·0001). Cost-effectiveness simulations suggested that screening plus Eave Tubes has a 74·0% chance of representing a cost-effective intervention, compared with existing healthcare activities in Côte d'Ivoire, and is similarly cost-effective to other core vector control interventions across sub-Saharan Africa. No serious adverse events associated with the intervention were reported during follow-up. Interpretation Screening plus Eave Tubes can provide protection against malaria in addition to the effects of insecticide-treated nets, offering potential for a new, cost-effective strategy to supplement existing vector control tools. Additional trials are needed to confirm these initial results and further optimise Eave Tubes and the lethal house lure concept to facilitate adoption. Funding The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial

et al. 2021

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“…Rose et al model also predicts that the extensive urbanisation (e.g., world population is projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100 [ 196 ]) currently taking place in Africa will drive further evolution and spread of MAVs and their mosquito vectors, causing a shift toward human biting in many large cities by 2050 [ 27 ]. Climate change may be contributing to human population migration to urban areas and rapid urbanisation that may, in turn, increase the abundance of solid waste and the need for water storage that can potentially provide larval habitats for Aedes mosquitoes, and increase the vector densities and arbovirus transmission [ 27 , 197 ]. Improved understanding of these pathways is important for characterising spatial and temporal distributions of arboviral risk and defining arboviral risk calculations, and their interactions with meteorological variables and human behaviours [ 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa

Agboli

Zahouli

Badolo

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Mosquito-associated viruses (MAVs), including mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) and mosquito-borne (arbo)viruses (MBVs), are an increasing public, veterinary, and global health concern, and West Africa is projected to be the next front for arboviral diseases. As in-depth knowledge of the ecologies of both western African MAVs and related mosquitoes is still limited, we review available and comprehensive data on their diversity, abundance, and distribution. Data on MAVs’ occurrence and related mosquitoes were extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Data on MSVs, and mosquito and vertebrate host ranges are sparse. However, more data are available on MBVs (i.e., dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Rift Valley fever viruses), detected in wild and domestic animals, and humans, with infections more concentrated in urban areas and areas affected by strong anthropogenic changes. Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes albopictus are incriminated as key arbovirus vectors. These findings outline MAV, related mosquitoes, key knowledge gaps, and future research areas. Additionally, these data highlight the need to increase our understanding of MAVs and their impact on host mosquito ecology, to improve our knowledge of arbovirus transmission, and to develop specific strategies and capacities for arboviral disease surveillance, diagnostic, prevention, control, and outbreak responses in West Africa.

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“…B 376: 20190814 important to realize that research on mosquito-transmitted diseases in the built environment is a new and emerging field. A recent international workshop at the UN-Habitat headquarters in Nairobi identified a number of important research gaps that need filling [101], including: (i) evidence of the health benefits of changing the built environment; (ii) understanding how mosquitoes, particularly Ae. aegypti, enter buildings; (iii) novel methods for reducing mosquito house entry; (iv) sustainable approaches for reducing mosquito habitats; (v) case studies of micro-financing for healthy homes; and (vi) methods for increasing scale-up.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for building out mosquito-transmitted diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the DELIVER mnemonic

Lindsay

Davies

Alabaster

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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In sub-Saharan Africa, most transmission of mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as malaria or dengue, occurs within or around houses. Preventing mosquito house entry and reducing mosquito production around the home would help reduce the transmission of these diseases. Based on recent research, we make key recommendations for reducing the threat of mosquito-transmitted diseases through changes to the built environment. The mnemonic, DELIVER , recommends the following best practices: (i) D oors should be screened, self-closing and without surrounding gaps; (ii) E aves, the space between the wall and roof, should be closed or screened; (iii) houses should be L ifted above the ground; (iv) I nsecticide-treated nets should be used when sleeping in houses at night; (v) houses should be V entilated, with at least two large-screened windows to facilitate airflow; (vi) E nvironmental management should be conducted regularly inside and around the home; and (vii) R oofs should be solid, rather than thatch. DELIVER is a package of interventions to be used in combination for maximum impact. Simple changes to the built environment will reduce exposure to mosquito-transmitted diseases and help keep regions free from these diseases after elimination. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.

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Research agenda for preventing mosquito-transmitted diseases through improving the built environment in sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial

Impact and cost-effectiveness of a lethal house lure against malaria transmission in central Côte d'Ivoire: a two-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial

Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa

Recommendations for building out mosquito-transmitted diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the DELIVER mnemonic

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