Research Advances in Regulating the Microenviroment of Enzyme Electrodes in Non‐aqueous Systems: A Minireview

Abstract

Exploring bioelectroanalysis and bioelectrocatalysis in non-aqueous systems are essential for bridging the gap between laboratorial and industrial scale. Bioelectrodes based on carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been designed and fabricated with biocompatible surface functionalities. This review presents recent advances in regulation of a biocompatible microenvironment of enzyme electrodes in non-aqueous systems. We summarize the modification strategies to facilitate electron transfer and promote enrichment of hydrophobic analytes. We focus on the mining and modification for robust oxidoreductases from extremophiles to explore the biosensors in extreme conditions. Challenges and future prospects for bioelectrodes in non-aqueous systems are discussed.

Exploring Oxidoreductases from Extremophiles for Biosynthesis in a Non-Aqueous System

“…Biotechnological exploitation of oxidoreductases from sequence derived statistics to the detailed atomic-level modeling of enzymes can provide cutting-edge technology in sequence annotation pipelines and bioinformatics resources; Using machine learning to effectively analyze big data on a higher-dimensional levels to establish an exemplary discipline assist experiment and reveal the interrelationships between the gene data, structure, and function [ 62 ]; Key research challenges focus on high throughput screening and for the expression of extreme enzymes through dedicated hosts and purification systems and upscaling; Using extreme enzymes for electrochemical reaction offers enhanced stability and applications in extreme environments where common oxidoreductase would not survive [ 63 ]. The development of organic phase enzyme electrodes (OPEEs) is essential for the detection of various hydrophobic substrates in organic media for a variety of health and industrial applications [ 64 , 65 ]; Novel immobilization strategy for oxidoreductases by tailoring the enzyme microenvironment for the further enhancement of organic solvent tolerance, such as MOF and polymeric microcapsules as the immobilization carrier [ 66 , 67 ]. …”

“…Using extreme enzymes for electrochemical reaction offers enhanced stability and applications in extreme environments where common oxidoreductase would not survive [ 63 ]. The development of organic phase enzyme electrodes (OPEEs) is essential for the detection of various hydrophobic substrates in organic media for a variety of health and industrial applications [ 64 , 65 ];…”