“…High strength steel (HSS), typically defined as the steel with nominal yield stress of more than 460 MPa [1][2], has attracted increasing attention for its application in the construction of buildings and bridges [3] due to its higher strength than conventional strength steel for lighter and stronger structures with reduced embodied carbon footprint [4]. To apply HSS structures https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.108792 M-2/48 in the engineering practice, efficient design methods of the structures are vital.…”