Abstract. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are likely to become one of the most relevant forms of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). An important challenge in large scale deployment of these networks is securing them against potential cyberattacks. An attack scenario with potentially catastrophic consequences is the outbreak of a worm epidemic in these networks, which can start by infecting the onboard computer of a single vehicle and spreads through the whole network by transmission from vehicle to vehicle. In this paper we investigate the outbreak of worm epidemics in highway traffic by means of modelling and large-scale simulations. Our study combines a realistic model of node movements in VANET with a velocity-dependent shadow-fading model of wireless links between VANET nodes, and takes into account the full topology of the resulting ad hoc networks. We perform stochastic simulations of worm spreading under various traffic conditions, both in the absence and in the presence of preemptive immunization and an interactive patching process.
IntroductionVehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are created by vehicles equipped with short and medium range wireless communication. Communication is possible between vehicles within each other's radio range, and with fixed gateways along the road. The ability of vehicles to communicate directly with each other via wireless links and form ad hoc networks is opening up a plethora of exciting applications [1][2][3]. These include safety applications, real-time traffic monitoring and management and broadband wireless access for automobile users, to name a few. Creating high-speed, highly scalable and secure vehicular networks presents a formidable research challenge. This is due to a combination of the highly dynamic nature of VANET, the relatively high speeds involved and the potentially very large scale of these networks. In the last few years researchers have intensively investigated many aspects of vehicular communications, and much progress has been made [4,5]. Surprisingly, very few groups have addressed the security threats to VANET [6], and in particular those resulting from cyberattcks by viruses and other form of malicious software (malware). While the infection of a car's computer system 115