Reptilian waking EEG: slow waves, spindles and evoked potentials

Vera, Luis De; González, José M.; Rial, Rubén V.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90148-1

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…results are therefore consistent with previous studies of Kcomplexes in reptiles (33) and nonlaminar networks from multiple species displaying increased power in a given frequency range because of network synchronization (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches

Low

Shank

Sejnowski

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

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A suite of complex electroencephalographic patterns of sleep occurs in mammals. In sleeping zebra finches, we observed slow wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, an intermediate sleep (IS) stage commonly occurring in, but not limited to, transitions between other stages, and high amplitude transients reminiscent of K-complexes. SWS density decreased whereas REM density increased throughout the night, with late-night characterized by substantially more REM than SWS, and relatively long bouts of REM. Birds share many features of sleep in common with mammals, but this collective suite of characteristics had not been known in any one species outside of mammals. We hypothesize that shared, ancestral characteristics of sleep in amniotes evolved under selective pressures common to songbirds and mammals, resulting in convergent characteristics of sleep.birds ͉ EEG ͉ evolution ͉ mammals ͉ automation I n mammals, a typical night of sleep is composed by successive episodes of slow wave sleep (SWS), intermediate sleep (IS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In humans, IS and SWS are further subdivided into stages I and II and into stages III and IV, respectively. REM sleep is also strongly associated with vivid dreaming in humans. IS tends to act as a transition state between SWS and REM. Throughout the night, there is typically a progression toward less SWS and more REM sleep. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) associated with these sleep stages follow a 1/f distribution, i.e., higher frequencies in the EEG have smaller raw amplitudes and thus less spectral power. SWS is characterized by a high amplitude and low frequency EEG signal whereas REM sleep corresponds to a more ''awake-like'' raw signal with lower amplitudes and higher frequencies (1, 2). Brief EEG landmarks known as spindles and K-complexes are often seen in non-REM sleep (NREM) (1,3,4). Because this suite of characteristics has never been observed outside of mammals, it has been proposed that the cortex was necessary for its generation (5, 6).It is now well established that avian and mammalian forebrain organization share far more commonalities than has traditionally been recognized (7). These similarities are observed at molecular, cellular, and systems levels (8). A new terminology has been created to correct misconceptions especially regarding the avian forebrain, and which recognizes forebrain homologies comparing birds and mammals (8, 9). Of relevance to this report, direct reciprocal thalamocortical projections have been implicated in generation of sleep rhythms in mammals (6). These projections are not known in birds, but recent studies have identified descending recurrent projections of sensory pathways in birds that might serve similar functional roles, for example in the auditory system (10, 11).Both REM and NREM are known for birds, with sleep in most species being dominated by NREM with brief REM episodes (12), although passerine birds exhibit greater amounts of REM (13,14). Circadian patterns in REM and NREM are commonly known in birds (15...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches

Low

Shank

Sejnowski

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

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“…4 Mean values of each variable in Fick's equation for oxygen transport by circulatory convection (rate of oxygen consumption = heart rate × the cardiac O 2 pulse) as a function of temperature and activity state (see Table 1 for statistics) reduction in the predominant frequency band of the EEG with the transition from wake to sleep in reptiles (Walker and Berger 1973;Warner and Huggins 1978;Meglasson and Huggins 1979;Huntley 1987) others, like us, have also reported the presence of slow waves in awake animals (Tauber et al 1968;Rial et al 1993;De Vera et al 1994). High amplitude spikes (believed to be of cortical origin) have also been reported to be an indicator of behavioral quiescence and sleep in reptiles (Flanigan 1973;Flanigan et al 1973;Walker and Berger 1973), while others report these spikes only during wake (Tauber et al 1968;Huntley 1987;De Vera et al 1994). We observed them during both wake and sleep.…”

Section: Electrophysiological Correlates Of Wake and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 77%

The relationship between body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and rate of oxygen consumption, in the tegu lizard (Tupinambis merianae) at various levels of activity

et al. 2015

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The present study determined whether EEG and/or EMG recordings could be used to reliably define activity states in the Brazilian black and white tegu lizard (Tupinambis merianae) and then examined the interactive effects of temperature and activity states on strategies for matching O2 supply and demand. In a first series of experiments, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2), breathing frequency (fR), heart rate (fH), and EEG and EMG (neck muscle) activity were measured in different sleep/wake states (sleeping, awake but quiet, alert, or moving). In general, metabolic and cardio-respiratory changes were better indictors of the transition from sleep to wake than were changes in the EEG and EMG. In a second series of experiments, the interactive effects of temperature (17, 27 and 37 °C) and activity states on fR, tidal volume (VT), the fraction of oxygen extracted from the lung per breath (FIO2-FEO2), fH, and the cardiac O2 pulse were quantified to determine the relative roles of each of these variables in accommodating changes in VO2. The increases in oxygen supply to meet temperature- and activity-induced increases in oxygen demand were produced almost exclusively by increases in fH and fR. Regression analysis showed that the effects of temperature and activity state on the relationships between fH, fR and VO2 was to extend a common relationship along a single curve, rather than separate relationships for each metabolic state. For these lizards, the predictive powers of fR and fH were maximized when the effects of changes in temperature, digestive state and activity were pooled. However, the best r(2) values obtained were 0.63 and 0.74 using fR and fH as predictors of metabolic rate, respectively.

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“…Also, De Vera et al . () examined EEG activity in Gallotia galloti lizards and found that the frequency of spindle‐like activity increases with body temperature, though these oscillations produce a continuum from 2 to 30 Hz, marking them as a different rhythm from mammalian spindles. A robust decrease in all EEG frequencies, especially theta, has been found in hibernating Djungarian hamsters (Deboer & Tobler, ; Deboer, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of sleep oscillations is coupled to brain temperature on multiple scales

Csernai

Borbély

Kocsis

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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Key pointsr Sleep spindle frequency positively, duration negatively correlates with brain temperature. r Local heating of the thalamus produces similar effects in the heated area. r Thalamic network model corroborates temperature dependence of sleep spindle frequency. r Brain temperature shows spontaneous microfluctuations during both anesthesia and natural sleep.r Larger fluctuations are associated with epochs of REM sleep. r Smaller fluctuations correspond to the alteration of spindling and delta epochs of infra-slow oscillation.Abstract Every form of neural activity depends on temperature, yet its relationship to brain rhythms is poorly understood. In this work we examined how sleep spindles are influenced by changing brain temperatures and how brain temperature is influenced by sleep oscillations. We employed a novel thermoelectrode designed for measuring temperature while recording neural activity. We found that spindle frequency is positively correlated and duration negatively correlated with brain temperature. Local heating of the thalamus replicated the temperature dependence of spindle parameters in the heated area only, suggesting biophysical rather than global modulatory mechanisms, a finding also supported by a thalamic network model. Finally, Marton Csernai is a postdoctoral researcher with a background in electrical engineering and computer science. His primary research focuses on the network effects of sleep processes, especially how cell ensembles behave during sleep spindles. M. Csernai, S. Borbély and K. Kocsis contributed equally to this work.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 4070M. Csernai and others J Physiol 597.15 we show that switches between oscillatory states also influence brain temperature on a shorter and smaller scale. Epochs of paradoxical sleep as well as the infra-slow oscillation were associated with brain temperature fluctuations below 0.2°C. Our results highlight that brain temperature is massively intertwined with sleep oscillations on various time scales.

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Reptilian waking EEG: slow waves, spindles and evoked potentials

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches

Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches

The relationship between body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and rate of oxygen consumption, in the tegu lizard (Tupinambis merianae) at various levels of activity

Dynamics of sleep oscillations is coupled to brain temperature on multiple scales

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