Reptiles, Amphibians, and Human<i>Salmonella</i>Infection: A Population‐Based, Case‐Control Study

Mermin, Jonathan; Hutwagner, Lori; Vugia, Duc J.; Shallow, Sue; Daily, Pamela; Bender, Jeffrey B.; Koehler, Jane E.; Marcus, Ruthanne; Angulo, Frederick J.

doi:10.1086/381594

Cited by 303 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In addition, reptiles pose a significant zoonotic risk to pet owners, zookeepers, and veterinarians (Altman et al, 1972;Ackerman et al, 1995;Andreacchio and Miller, 2000;Mermin et al, 2004;Wells et al, 2004;Johnson-Delaney, 2006). Those most at risk of contracting Salmonella from reptiles are young children, the elderly, or immunocompromized people, and clinical signs of infection usually relate to gastrointestinal upset but occasionally severe infections can result in sepsis and even death (Altman et al, 1972;Lamm et al, 1972;Pelzer, 1989;D'Aoust et al, 1990;Bradley et al, 2001;Ketz-Riley, 2003;JohnsonDelaney, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella in Australian Reptiles

Scheelings

Lightfoot²,

Holz

2011

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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, 504 reptiles of four families and 57 species were examined for Salmonella by using cloacal or intestinal swabs. Salmonella was identified in 139 (28%) of the 504 animals tested. Of the 504 reptiles examined, 210 were captive and 294 were wild. Ninety-eight (47%) of the captive reptiles were shedding Salmonella at the time of sampling. In contrast, only 41 (14%) of the wild reptiles were shedding Salmonella. The higher prevalence of Salmonella in captive reptiles was statistically significant (P,0.0001). No Salmonella was found in 60 wild, freshwater chelonians or 48 wild southern water skinks (Eulamprus heatwolei). Our results suggest that some species of wild reptiles in Australia are not natural carriers of Salmonella and that diet and captivity may influence Salmonella excretion in other species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella in Australian Reptiles

Scheelings

Lightfoot²,

Holz

2011

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Six subspecies of S. enterica have been isolated from the environment and animals-viz., enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, houtenae, and indica (Popoff and Le Minor 2001). Salmonella e. enterica frequently is found in wild and captive reptiles (Mermin et al 2004). There are more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella, approximately 1000 of which have been isolated in reptiles, and it is not rare to find more than one serovar in the same individual (Mitchell 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalência de Enterobacteriaceae em Tupinambis merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) de uma instalação em cativeiro no Brasil Central, com um perfil de resistência aos medicamentos antimicrobianos em Salmonella enterica

et al. 2012

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Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in Tupinambis merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) from a captive facility in central Brazil, with a profile of antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella enterica. The present study reports the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in tegu lizards (Tupinambis merianae) from a captive facility in Central Brazil. From a total of 30 animals, 10 juveniles and 20 adults (10 females, 10 males), 60 samples were collected, in two periods separated by 15 days. The samples were cultivated in Xylose-lysinedeoxycholate agar (XLT4) and MacConkey agar. The Salmonella enterica isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 78 bacteria was isolated, of which 27 were from juveniles of T. merianae, 30 from adult males, and 21 from adult females. Salmonella enterica was the most frequent bacteria, followed by Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakasakii, Kluivera sp., Citrobacter amalonaticus, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter diversus, Yersinia frederiksenii, Serratia odorifera, and Serratia liquefaciens. Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae and houtenae showed resistance to cotrimoxazole, and serum Salmonella enterica Worthington showed resistance to tetracycline and gentamicin. Salmonella enterica Panama and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae showed intermediate sensitivity to cotrimoxazole. In addition to Enterobacteriaceae in the tegu lizard, pathogenic serotypes of S. enterica also occur, and their antimicrobial resistance was confirmed.Keywords: Antibiotic sensitivity, enteric bacteria, reptiles, salmonellosis, serovars. 58Phyllomedusa

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“…The danger of Salmonella being carried by reptiles has still not discouraged owners of turtles, iguanas or snakes [12,28]. As reported by Mermin et al [36] in two case-control studies of human salmonellosis occurring during 1996-1997 in the USA, "the population attributable fraction for reptile or amphibian contact was 6% for all sporadic Salmonella infections and 11% among persons < 21 years old". It is therefore estimated that reptile and amphibian exposure is associated with approximately 74 000 Salmonella infections annually in the United States.…”

Section: Conjunctural Causes Associated With the Action Or Inaction Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonoses: factors of emergence, surveillance and control

Blancou

Chomel²,

Belotto

et al. 2005

Vet. Res.

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-Surveillance and control of emerging bacterial zoonoses is essential in order to prevent both human and animal deaths and to avoid potential economic disorders created by trade barriers or a ban on free circulation of human or animal populations. An increased risk of exposition to zoonotic agents, the breakdown of the host's defenses, the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics and their widespread distribution as well as conjunctural causes associated with the action or inaction of man have been identified as the main factors leading to the emergence or reemergence of bacterial zoonoses. After an in-depth review of these various factors, the present manuscript reviews the main components of detection and surveillance of emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonoses. A description of the systems of control and the main obstacles to their success is also presented. Detection and surveillance of emerging zoonoses have greatly benefited from technical progress in diagnostics. The success of detection and control of emerging bacterial zoonoses is largely based on international solidarity and cooperation between countries.emerging bacterial zoonoses / control / surveillance / factors of emergence

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Reptiles, Amphibians, and HumanSalmonellaInfection: A Population‐Based, Case‐Control Study

Cited by 303 publications

References 39 publications

Prevalence of Salmonella in Australian Reptiles

Prevalence of Salmonella in Australian Reptiles

Prevalência de Enterobacteriaceae em Tupinambis merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) de uma instalação em cativeiro no Brasil Central, com um perfil de resistência aos medicamentos antimicrobianos em Salmonella enterica

Emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonoses: factors of emergence, surveillance and control

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