Reproductive Tract Infections in India: The Need for Comprehensive Reproductive Health Policy and Programs

Luthra, Usha K.; Mehta, Suman; Bhargava, N.; Ramachandran, Prema; Murthy, N S; Sehgal, Ashok; Saxena, B.N.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0691-5_14

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The preferred source of treatment was a private practitioner, followed by “desi” medicines. Women suffer from reproductive morbidities for a long time because of the prevailing “culture of silence.”[10] Many women believe that reproductive health problems (discharge or pain) are simply “women's fate” and therefore not a condition for which they should seek medical help. Moreover, women are generally reluctant to discuss their genital health problems with their husbands or health providers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections in women in an urban area of Ludhiana

Philip

Benjamin

Sengupta

2013

Indian J Sex Transm Dis

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Background:RTIs/STIs present a huge burden of disease, adversely impact reproductive health, and cause suffering for both men and women with consequences more devastating and widespread among women. These infections often go undiagnosed and untreated.Objectives:1) To identify the most common reported symptoms of RTI/STI among married women aged 15-44 years in an urban population of Ludhiana. 2) To identify important risk factors associated with symptoms of RTI/STI in the study population.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out among married women aged 15-44 years in an urban area in Ludhiana, using the WHO-Syndromic Approach for diagnosis and management of RTIs/STIs. The sample consisted of 260 eligible women obtained by systematic random sampling, from amongst those residing in the population served by one MPHW (F).Results:The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of RTIs/STIs in the study population was found to be 17.3%. The most common symptoms reported by the women sufferers were urinary (dysuria 57.8%, frequent urination 53.3%), followed by dyspareunia (26.7%), unusual vaginal discharge (24.4%) and vaginal itching (22.2%). Age 35-44 years, gravidity >4, education high school/above, joint families, history of abortion, and using ordinary cloth during menstruation were found to be significant risk factors. 64.4% of those with symptoms were untreated, 68.7% of those treated reported partial relief, most of those treated preferred private doctors, and the partners were not treated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections in women in an urban area of Ludhiana

Philip

Benjamin

Sengupta

2013

Indian J Sex Transm Dis

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“…320 The reported seroprevalence of syphilis among women attending antenatal clinics in African, Asian, and Latin American countries ranges from 4% to 19%. [321][322][323][324] Some reports also indicate that the incidence of congenital syphilis may be increasing in many developing countries; to illustrate, a 10-fold increase in congenital syphilis was reported in the Brazilian Federal District from 1980 (0.17 cases per 100 000 inhabitants) to 1984 (1.7 per 1000). 325 Early diagnosis and treatment sharply reduce the risk of fetal death due to syphilis.…”

Section: Syphilis Screening and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Background. Infant and under-5 childhood mortality rates in developing countries have declined significantly in the past 2 to 3 decades. However, 2 critical indicators, maternal and newborn mortality, have hardly changed. World leaders at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 agreed on a critical goal to reduce deaths of children <5 years by two thirds, but this may be unattainable without halving newborn deaths, which now comprise 40% of all under-5 deaths. Greater emphasis on wide-scale implementation of proven, cost-effective measures is required to save women's and newborns' lives. Approximately 99% of neonatal deaths take place in developing countries, mostly in homes and communities. A comprehensive review of the evidence base for impact of interventions on neonatal health and survival in developingcountry communities has not been reported.Objective. This review of community-based antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal intervention trials in developing countries aimed to identify (1) key behaviors and interventions for which the weight of evidence is sufficient to recommend their inclusion in communitybased neonatal care programs and (2) key gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future research and program learning.Methods. Available published and unpublished data on the impact of community-based strategies and interventions on perinatal and neonatal health status outcomes were reviewed. Evidence was summarized systematically and categorized into 4 levels of evidence based on study size, location, design, and reported impact, particularly on perinatal or neonatal mortality. The evidence was placed in the context of biological plausibility of the intervention; evidence from relevant developed-country studies; health care program experience in implementation; and recommendations from the World Health Organization and other leading agencies.Results. A paucity of community-based data was found from developing-country studies on health status impact for many interventions currently being considered for inclusion in neonatal health programs. However, review of the evidence and consideration of the broader context of knowledge, experience, and recommendations regarding these interventions enabled us to categorize them according to the strength of the evidence base and confidence regarding their inclusion now in programs. This article identifies a package of priority interventions to include in programs and formulates research priorities for advancing the state of the art in neonatal health care.Conclusions. This review emphasizes some new findings while recommending an integrated approach to safe motherhood and newborn health. The results of this study provide a foundation for policies and programs related to maternal and newborn health and emphasizes the importance of health systems research and evaluation of interventions. The review offers compelling support for using research to identify the most effective measures to save newborn lives. It also may facilitate dialogue with policy...

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“…3 Earlier studies in Indian populations failed to detect gonococcal PID, 4 and there have been relatively few published studies of Chlamydia trachomatis in relation to PID. 5 In contrast, one study from a private clinic in Mumbai isolated genital mycoplasmas from 27.5% of PID cases, 15.7% of infertile women, and 3.7% of women undergoing tubal sterilisation. 6 From 1993 to 1995 a study was undertaken in two inner city municipal hospitals in Mumbai to examine the socioeconomic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of women admitted with suspected acute salpingitis or complaining of infertility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Risk factors for laparoscopically confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease: findings from Mumbai (Bombay), India

Gogate

Brabin

Nicholas

et al. 1998

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Objectives: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) but have often not been detected in microbiological studies of Indian women admitted to hospital gynaecology wards or private clinics. In this cross sectional study, women living in the inner city of Mumbai (Bombay) were investigated for socioeconomic, clinical, and microbiological risk factors for PID. Methods: Microbiological tests and laparoscopic examination were carried out on 2736 women aged <35 years who came to a health facility with suspected acute salpingitis or infertility or for laparoscopic sterilisation. 86 women with a clinical diagnosis of PID were not referred for laparoscopy although their characteristics are described. Associations between various risk factors and PID status were investigated and logistic regression performed on all factors that remained significant. Results: Of women with a laparoscopically confirmed evaluation, 26 women had acute and 48 chronic pelvic infection. Independent risk factors for PID were later age at menarche (>14 years), a history of stillbirth and no previous pregnancy, history of tuberculosis, STD, dilatation and curettage or previous laparoscopy, and presence of Gardnerella vaginalis. Conclusions: It is concluded that STD related risk factors applied to only a small proportion of PID cases and that other determinants of PID are important, including obstetric complications, invasive surgical procedures such as laparoscopy, and tuberculosis. (Sex Transm Inf 1998;74:426-432)

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Reproductive Tract Infections in India: The Need for Comprehensive Reproductive Health Policy and Programs

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections in women in an urban area of Ludhiana

Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections in women in an urban area of Ludhiana

Community-Based Interventions for Improving Perinatal and Neonatal Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence

Risk factors for laparoscopically confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease: findings from Mumbai (Bombay), India

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