Reproductive Toxicants

Casteel, Stan W.

doi:10.1016/b978-072169323-1.50057-x

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In terms of ingestion of toxic agents, feeding with Lupinus species during the first trimester of pregnancy could induce severe limb and spinal deformities in addition to cleft palate (Casteel 2007). In the present case, however, the dam had not been fed with Lupinus species at any stages of pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Bilateral cleft lip, jaw, and palate in a female Holstein calf

et al. 2012

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A female Holstein calf with a body weight of 35 kg was born alive after a normal pregnancy period in September 2010 at a commercial dairy farm in Karaj, Iran. At birth, the cleft lip, jaw, and palate were obvious. The cleft was approximately 8.4 cm in length and 7.2 cm in width at the widest part. Pulse rate, respiration rate, and body temperature of the calf were 112/min, 42/min, and 38°C, respectively. Respiration was abdominal and irregular. Necropsy revealed that there was no more congenital abnormality except for the facial defect. Radiologic examination revealed that the cleft extended from the median lip to the rostral part of the palate, which made the dorsal nose and the palate separate. Based on examination of the craniofacial skeletal in detail following maceration, it was revealed that all the facial bones were developed and the defect was just limited to cleft lip, jaw, and palate, which was resulted from failure of closure in facial processes. Accordingly, abnormality was diagnosed as bilateral cleft lip, jaw, and palate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Bilateral cleft lip, jaw, and palate in a female Holstein calf

et al. 2012

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“…This may seem contradictory, as open grazing animals are more likely to be exposed to cattle from other herds thereby increasing the risk for being infected by abortive pathogens. However, other causes of abortions like nutritional or toxic substances [ 24 ] may have influenced the findings in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Managerial practices and factors influencing reproductive performance of dairy cows in urban/peri-urban areas of Kampala and Gulu, Uganda

et al. 2015

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BackgroundUrban/peri-urban dairy production and sales has evolved as an adjustment to cope with food security and economic needs for urban dwellers in low-income countries and created an opportunity to transform from subsistence rural lifestyles of dairy farming to commercial engagement in towns. However, urban/peri-urban dairy farms differ in challenges from rural dairy farms and reproduction is important and critical for assuring sustainable economic output in both environments. Here we recorded for the first time differences between two geographically and economically different cities corresponding to different settings within the same country in managerial factors influencing reproductive performance in urban/peri-urban dairy cowherds.ResultsThe urban/peri-urban dairy farmers in the capital Kampala were more often male (P = 0.002) and commercialized (P = 0.0025), more experienced (P = 0.0001) and practiced zero-grazing more often (P = 0.05) than in the regional municipality Gulu. Also, the milk production per herd and cow (P = 0.0005) and calving rate were (P = 0.0001) higher in Kampala and artificial insemination was more commonly (P = 0.002) used than in Gulu. There was no difference in abortion nor neonatal mortality rate between the two locations. Overall, calving rates were higher (P = 0.0003) in smaller (≤3 dairy cows) and open grazing (P = 0.003) herds. Abortion rates were higher among dairy herds practicing late (≥5 months) (P = 0.003) calf weaning and in herds with commercial purposes (P = 0.0001). Neonatal calf mortality was lower (P = 0.01) in small herds.ConclusionThe study showed significant differences between Kampala and Gulu in reproductive performance and related husbandry factors for cows in the urban/peri-urban dairy farming systems. For several reproductive performance traits we found associations with husbandry and production traits, which should be taken into account when providing advice to the urban and peri-urban dairy farmers in the tropics.

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“…The reduction of nitrate (NO 3 – ) to more toxic nitrite (NO 2 – ) is an intermediate step in the bacterial biochemical sequence of the formation of fully reduced ammonia (NH 3 ) which is used to form microbial proteins. Toxicosis by ammonia does not occur in ruminants exposed to nitrate-containing feeds [11, 12] since the amount of ammonia produced is limited. In case of rapid ingestion of forages containing high nitrate levels, nitrite will accumulate in the rumen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate Poisoning due to Ingestion of Cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) (Brassicaceae) in Kitui County, Kenya

Nguta

2019

The Scientific World Journal

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Nitrate toxicosis associated with consumption of cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) (Brassicaceae) was diagnosed in a small herd comprising of ten goats in Matinyani ward, Kitui West sub-County of Kitui County in Kenya. The clinical signs were ataxia, ruminal tympany, bluish-brown mucous membranes, rapid and difficult breathing, incoordination, head pressing, aggressive movements, jugular distension, increased heart rates, tremors, and coma. Six goats died of intoxication. Dark brown/chocolate-colored and poorly clotted blood was the prominent necropsy finding. There was limited froth in the trachea and bronchi consistent with mild pulmonary oedema. There were liver congestion, pericarditis, and enlarged and congested kidneys with pinpoint haemorrhages. Four other affected goats were treated with intramuscular antihistamines and oral administration of ivermectin. No further mortality was observed after the treatment. Cabbages fed to goats had 6.6% nitrate on dry matter (DM) basis , while ruminal contents had 5.55% nitrate on dry matter basis (DM). Dark brown blood collected at postmortem had a methemoglobin fraction of 78%. Forage nitrate levels of 0.5% and above are potentially dangerous, with acute poisoning likely to occur if the nitrate level exceeds 1%. Death can occur when blood methemoglobin levels rise up to 67–90%. Findings from the current study are indicative of nitrate-nitrite toxidrome associated with ingestion of cabbages.

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Reproductive Toxicants

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Bilateral cleft lip, jaw, and palate in a female Holstein calf

Bilateral cleft lip, jaw, and palate in a female Holstein calf

Managerial practices and factors influencing reproductive performance of dairy cows in urban/peri-urban areas of Kampala and Gulu, Uganda

Nitrate Poisoning due to Ingestion of Cabbages (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) (Brassicaceae) in Kitui County, Kenya

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