Encyclopedia of Toxicology 2024
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824315-2.00420-6
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Reproductive system, female

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“…The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has released an investigation specifying that the global agricultural usage of pesticides in 2021 amounted to 3.54 million metric tons of active ingredients (Mt), representing a 4% rise compared to 2020, an 11% increase over the last decade, and a two-times higher since 1990 [10]. Even though the United States, Europe, and most countries banned dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and organochlorine (OCs) in the early 1970s due to ecotoxicity and environmental persistence, they were still produced until now [11]- [13]. Moreover, other groups, including organophosphates (OPs), synthetic pyrethroids, and carbamates, and also new groups, such as diamides, avermectins, spinosyns, and neonicotinoids, were perpetually introduced in agriculture due to their low persistence and high effectiveness [14].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has released an investigation specifying that the global agricultural usage of pesticides in 2021 amounted to 3.54 million metric tons of active ingredients (Mt), representing a 4% rise compared to 2020, an 11% increase over the last decade, and a two-times higher since 1990 [10]. Even though the United States, Europe, and most countries banned dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and organochlorine (OCs) in the early 1970s due to ecotoxicity and environmental persistence, they were still produced until now [11]- [13]. Moreover, other groups, including organophosphates (OPs), synthetic pyrethroids, and carbamates, and also new groups, such as diamides, avermectins, spinosyns, and neonicotinoids, were perpetually introduced in agriculture due to their low persistence and high effectiveness [14].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%