Reproductive counseling in patients who have had a spontaneous abortion

Reproductive risk of paracentric inversion carriers: Report of two unrelated cases with paracentric inversion of the long ARM of chromosome 3

“…In the first place, the combined data in Table 1 showed that 45 inversion carriers were found to have a total of 144 recorded pregnancies, resulting in 30 spontaneous abortions (20.8~), 46 liveborn individuals with the same inversion as the parents (32.0~), 7 liveborn individuals with recombinant chromosomes (4.9~), 28 karyotypically normal individuals (19.4~), and 33 individuals with undetermined karyotypes (22.9~). The incidence of spontaneous abortions in inversion carriers is significantly higher than that in the general population (15~, Poland et al, 1977) (df=l, Z2=3.84, p<0.05). However, the result is controversial, since the comparison neglected the racial differences in the ratio of spontaneous abortions.…”

Maternal Risk Factors and Outcome of Pregnancy in a Teaching Hospital in Riyadh

“…The outcome of pregnancy following spontaneous abortion is controversial [11][12][13][14][15][16] and clouded, in some studies, by including abortions with fetal losses. 13,17,18 A recent report with adequate control for confounding variables and wellselected controls demonstrated an increased risk of preterm delivery in patients with one or more previous abortions.…”

“…13,17,18 A recent report with adequate control for confounding variables and wellselected controls demonstrated an increased risk of preterm delivery in patients with one or more previous abortions. 19 An interesting finding was that history of previous spontaneous abortion did not seem to impose a significant risk toward a poor outcome unless there were more than three previous spontaneous abortions.…”

Thrombophilia and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

“…However, this frequency increases up to 5% when clinicians define RPL as two or more losses of pregnancy (2) In addition, epidemiological investigations have demonstrated that the frequency of subsequent pregnancy loss is 24% after two pregnancy losses, 30% after three and 40% after four successive pregnancy losses (3). Additionally, recurrent risk for RPL may increase up to 50 percent even after six losses (4). Remarkably, the maternal and paternal age may approach the risk of pregnancy loss (Table 1) (5).…”

“…This therapy, begun when pregnancy is diagnosed, is continued until delivery. Although this treatment may improve overall pregnancy success, these women remain at high risk for preterm labor, prematurely ruptured membranes, fetal-growth restriction, preeclampsia, and placental abruption (4). The Cochrane review of immune therapy for RPL also addressed IVIg therapy and reported that its use did not alter pregnancy outcomes in patients with otherwise unexplained RPL (29).…”