Reproductive Choices of Highly Educated Employed Women with two Children Under the Universal Two-child Policy

Shen, Yang; Jiang, Lai

doi:10.1177/0192513x19881186

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Scholars have also attempted to focus their research on one perspective. Economic factors are the focus of current research, with Lan (2021) demonstrating that women with better socio-economic status and those who were born into better-off families show a relatively strong desire to have children, and Shen and Jiang (2020) investigating highly educated women and finding that their fertility choices are the result of the intersection of state policy interventions and career choices. Urban-rural differences have captured the attention of many scholars as well.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility Intentions for a Second Child and Their Influencing Factors in Contemporary China

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Although the Chinese government has shifted from a one-child policy to a two-child policy (allowing a couple to have up to two children) since 2016 in response to the aging population, the policy results have been unsatisfactory. This is the first paper to systematically investigate the factors influencing residents’ intentions to have a second child. The research focuses on the perspective of individual, family, and social characteristics based on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) from 2017 to 2018. Three machine learning methods are used in conjunction with logistic regression to reveal that the intention of having a second child increases heavily with age, more siblings in the family of origin, and better health. The family income, which is currently the focus of the literature and is statistically significant, is only sixth most important. This study further reveals differences between genders: Women with a lower level of education and religious beliefs prefer to have a second child, whereas for men, non-agricultural hukou and marriage are the position factors. The results of this study also illustrate the importance of future research focusing on the relationship of individuals to their family of origin and districts.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fertility Intentions for a Second Child and Their Influencing Factors in Contemporary China

2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…Several studies have investigated the impact of universal TCP on maternal-neonatal outcomes. For example, the impact of birth policy changes on pregnancy outcomes 8 , the sex ratio at birth 3 , maternity care 9 , maternal risk factors and pregnancy complications 12 , C-section rate 13 , women’s reproductive decision 14 , maternal-neonatal outcomes 15 , and prevalence of congenital defect 7 has been reported. However, limited studies have reported the effect of universal TCP on maternal age pregnancy outcomes in women with AMA 7 , 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with advanced maternal age (AMA) after the enactment of China’s universal two-child policy

Nawsherwan

Fan

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The universal two-child policy (TCP; 2016) in China has affected many aspects of maternal-neonatal health. A tertiary hospital-based retrospective study (2011–2019) was used to find the association of these policy changes with maternal age and pregnancy outcomes in women with AMA (≥ 35 years) in the Hubei Province, China. The proportion of neonatal births to women with AMA increased by 68.8% from 12.5% in the one-child policy (OCP) period to 21.1% in the universal TCP period [aOR 1.76 (95% CI: 1.60, 1.93)]. In the univariate analysis, the proportion of preterm births (29.4% to 24.1%), low birth weight (LBW) (20.9% to 15.9%), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) (11.5% to 9.2%) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in women with AMA from the OCP period to universal TCP period. However, the proportion of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (0.2% to 0.7%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (1.7% to 15.6%) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased over the policy changes. After adjusting for confounding factors, only the risk of GDM increased [aOR 10.91 (95% CI: 6.05, 19.67)] in women with AMA from the OCP period to the universal TCP period. In conclusion, the risk of GDM increased in women with AMA from the OCP period to the universal TCP period.

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“…The investment continued after the singleton girls become mothers (Zhang et al., 2019). The limited number of children that the respondents’ parents were allowed to have under the one‐child policy means that it is now possible for them to provide childcare support for their only children (Shen & Jiang, 2020). This empowers singleton girls in the transition to motherhood, as they can maintain career upward mobility or salary increases soon after having a second child.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Labor Market Outcomes of Professional Women with Two Children after the One‐Child Policy in China

Shen

Jiang

2020

Journal of Social Issues

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Since the implementation of the two-child policy in China in 2016, it is unclear how professional women's labor force outcomes and family commitments have changed. Using interviews with 26 professional women with two children in Shanghai, we examined their work-life transitions and labor market outcomes. We found that the overarching constraints the interviewees faced included a lack of institutional childcare support, low paternal participation and increased physical and cognitive childcare labor. The women also experienced different constraining and enabling factors, leading to four types of labor market outcomes: enhancement, rebound, interruption and stagnation. Most of the interviewees who experienced career upward mobility after giving birth to a second child were urban singleton daughters who received tremendous parental support. Some participants experienced career interruption due to a lack of social support. The state should ensure family-friendly work environments and promote paternal participation to reduce women's work-life conflict and address gender inequality.

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Reproductive Choices of Highly Educated Employed Women with two Children Under the Universal Two-child Policy

Cited by 13 publications

References 41 publications

Fertility Intentions for a Second Child and Their Influencing Factors in Contemporary China

Fertility Intentions for a Second Child and Their Influencing Factors in Contemporary China

Changes in adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with advanced maternal age (AMA) after the enactment of China’s universal two-child policy

Labor Market Outcomes of Professional Women with Two Children after the One‐Child Policy in China

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