Reproductive biology of the leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea (Streets, 1877) in the coastal area of Santa Rosalia, BCS, Mexico

Escobar-Sánchez

et al. 2021

Preprint

The concentrations of essential (Cu, Zn) and toxic (Cd, Pb) elements were quantified in the muscle of leopard groupers, Mycteroperca rosacea, in a mining district in the Gulf of California. Metal concentrations were analyzed by size, sex, maturity, season, year, and a risk factor for human consumption. Results indicated elevated levels of essential elements (Cu: 11±34.3 μg/g, Zn: 377±1390 μg/g), up to 10 times higher than concentrations of toxic elements (Cd: 0.06±0.1 μg/g, Pb: 0.98±1.5 μg/g). Cadmium was within permissible limit stated by Mexican norm (0.5 μg/g), but lead bordering its limit (1.0 μg/g). Heavy metal concentrations were comparable between males and females. Metal variations were not significantly correlated to the sex, maturity, season, or year (p>0.05). The evaluation of benefits (Daily Mineral Intake) and risks (Target Hazard Quotients) to health indicated that these fish did not represent adverse effects to the consumer, within worldwide limits, but the nutritional benefits are high.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential (Cu, Zn) And Nonessential Metals (Pb, Cd) In Muscle of Leopard Groupers (Mycteroperca Rosacea) From A Mining Port In The Gulf of California, Mexico: Human Health Risk Assessment

Escobar-Sánchez

et al. 2021

Preprint

“…The total length (TL) (± 0.5 mm precision) and total weight (TW) (± 0.001 g precision) of each specimen were recorded. Sex was determined by direct observation of the gonad, and this was later corroborated using the standard histological technique to determine cellular types, annual variability, and gonad developmental stages (Nikolsky 1963, Estrada-Godínez et al 2011, Pérez-Olivas et al 2018. A chisquared test was used to test whether the observed female ÷ male ratio deviated from the expected 1 ÷ 1 proportion, with 0.05 significance level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data of individuals collected in the study area were categorized by sex (male or female) and size (small = 21-36 cm, medium = 36.5-51 cm, or large = 51.5-70 cm), as no juveniles were captured. Sizes were classified according to Sturge's rule (Daniel 1997) and based on the histological analysis performed by Pérez-Olivas et al (2018). We used monthly mean values of sea surface temperature to determine the seasons, based on satellite images in Hierarchical Data Format obtained from the MODIS-AQUA sensor with 1.1 km spatial resolution at the nadir.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding habits of the leopard grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Epinephelidae), in the central Gulf of California, BCS, Mexico

Perez-Rojo

et al. 2019

Acta Ichthyol. Piscat.

Background. The leopard grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea (Streets, 1877), is endemic to northwestern Mexico and has high commercial value. Although facts of its basic biology are known, information on its trophic ecology, in particular, is scarce. The objective of the presently reported study was to characterize the feeding habits of M. rosacea through the analysis of stomach contents, and to determine possible variations linked to sex (male or female), size (small, medium, or large), or season (spring, summer, autumn, or winter), in order to understand the trophic role that this species plays in the ecosystem where it is found. Materials and methods. Fish were captured monthly, from March 2014 to May 2015 by spearfishing in Santa Rosalía, BCS, Mexico. Percentages by the number, by weight, and frequency of appearance of each food category, the index of relative importance (%IRI), and prey-specific index of relative importance (%PSIRI) were used to determine the importance of each prey item in the leopard grouper diet. Diet breadth was calculated using Levin's index. Possible differences in the diet by sex, size, or season were identified through a multivariate PERMANOVA analysis. Results. A total of 341 leopard grouper specimens were collected, 309 of which had stomachs containing food. A total of 28 prey species were identified. According to the %IRI, the contribution to the diet of the coastal pelagic prey Nyctiphanes simplex and Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) was 87%, whereas according to the %PSIRI the contribution to the diet of those two prey species was 57%, in addition to several demersal prey species. A PERMANOVA analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the diet of leopard grouper by sex, size, and season, but the interactions sex-size, sex-season, size-season, and sex-size-season, were not significant. Conclusions. Mycteroperca rosacea was identified as a carnivorous predator with narrow trophic width, with significant differences in diet according to the sex, size, season, and size-sex interactions, which could be the result of different energetic requirements, hunting abilities, and food availability. The %PSIRI turned out to be the most adequate index to determine the feeding habits of fish, as it provides a better mean value to determine the most important prey.

Essential (Cu, Zn) and nonessential (Pb, Cd) metals in the muscle of leopard groupers (Mycteroperca rosacea) from a mining port in the Gulf of California, Mexico: human health risk assessment

Escobar-Sánchez

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

The concentrations of essential (Cu, Zn) and toxic (Cd, Pb) elements were quanti ed in the muscle of leopard groupers, Mycteroperca rosacea, in a mining district in the Gulf of California. Metal concentrations were analyzed by size, sex, maturity, season, year, and a risk factor for human consumption. Results indicated elevated levels of essential elements (Cu: 11±34.3 μg/g, Zn: 377±1390 μg/g), up to 10 times higher than concentrations of toxic elements (Cd: 0.06±0.1 μg/g, Pb: 0.98±1.5 μg/g). Cadmium was within permissible limit stated by Mexican norm (0.5 μg/g), but lead bordering its limit (1.0 μg/g). Heavy metal concentrations were comparable between males and females. Metal variations were not signi cantly correlated to the sex, maturity, season, or year (p>0.05). The evaluation of bene ts (Daily Mineral Intake) and risks (Target Hazard Quotients) to health indicated that these sh did not represent adverse effects to the consumer, within worldwide limits, but the nutritional bene ts are high.