Reproductive Biology of Artemia

Criel, Godelieve; MacRae, Thomas H.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0791-6_2

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Under normal conditions, females are ovoviviparous, releasing nauplii larvae. However, in adverse conditions, such as dessication, females are oviparous, producing encysted embryos (Criel and Macrae 2002). The development of the embryo pauses at the stage of gastrulation (Spooner et al .…”

Section: Normal Development In Artemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

ONTOGENY AND TAPHONOMY: AN EXPERIMENTAL TAPHONOMY STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA

Gostling¹,

Dong

Donoghue³

2008

Palaeontology

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Although the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny has been of long-standing interest to palaeontologists, the fossil record has provided little insight into the development of long extinct organisms. This has changed with the discovery of numerous assemblages of fossilized invertebrate embryos and larvae, but realising their evolutionary significance is hampered by a paucity of data on the relationship between ontogeny and taphonomy. We describe the results of an experimental taphonomy study of the development of the anostracan brine shrimp Artemia salina, which show that in conditions of aqueous aerobic and anaerobic autolysis and microbial decay, the developmental stages exhibit differential preservation potential. The most decay resistant developmental stage is the diapause cyst, encapulsating the gastrula, in which the gross morphology of the embryo can be maintained for 18 months or more in simple anaerobic conditions. Otherwise, the embryo shrinks within the cyst and cellular and tissue detail of breaks down as lipid droplets coalesce. Postembryonic excysted larvae decay more rapidly. The rate of decay is similar among all larval stages with the exception of the L 4 larva, which resists cuticle failure for longer than later developmental stages. The larvae decay leading to liquefaction of the muscles and viscera, leaving an intact but empty and progressively shrunken and distorted cuticle that eventually loses structural integrity and collapses. Our experimental results provide an explanatory model for the phenomenal abundance of putative diapause stage embryos, in the absence of postembryonic stages, as seen in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China and the incompleteness of fossilized developmental sequences of embryos and larvae more generally. It also cautions against the association of developmental stages in fossil deposits without additional evidence. Finally, the pattern of decay seen in larvae provides an explanation for the preservation style of Orsten-type Lagerstätten where preservation of cuticular detail can be astonishingly fine, but extends internally to muscles and viscera only rarely.

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Section: Normal Development In Artemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

ONTOGENY AND TAPHONOMY: AN EXPERIMENTAL TAPHONOMY STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA

Gostling¹,

Dong

Donoghue³

2008

Palaeontology

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“…It is important to remember that in the early growth stages, nauplii are attracted to visible light (Criel and Macrae 2002). In natural conditions, after re-hydration, the nauplii move toward well-lit areas (Persoone et al 1980) and are therefore likely to be present in higher densities in the upper water layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Estimate of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the mortality of Artemia franciscana in naupliar and adult stages

et al. 2005

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The impact of different doses of artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the growth stages of a marine zooplankton was investigated using laboratory microcosms. Mortality percentages of naupliar and adult samples of Artemia franciscana were recorded in relation to different UV doses (single exposure: 75, 150, 300, 600, 1,200, 2,400, 3,900, 7,800 J m(-2)) at specific observation times after exposure (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). The relationship between mortality percentage and UV dose showed significant differences in relation to the zooplankton growth stage. The elevated susceptibility of the naupliar samples to UV radiation is described through a mortality model based on a logistic equation. The data analysis shows that the slope of mortality versus dose remains the same for the two growth stages while the lethal dose in the naupliar stage was 3.3 smaller than that determined for the adult stage. The slope of the UV mortality rate versus post-incubation time was found to be significantly different (P<0.05) at low UV doses for the two life stages examined, i.e. naupliar and adult. The lower value of LD(50) in naupliar stages compared to that for adults confirms that in the early growth stage this marine zooplankton is more susceptible to UV radiation.

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“…To cope with harsh environments, Artemia shunt offspring into a dormant, encysted state via an oviparous pathway. However, under favorable conditions, they release swimming nauplius larvae via the ovoviviparous pathway [18][19][20]. Although many eukaryotes have been found to exhibit diapause and produce resistant forms [21][22][23], Artemia encysted embryos seem able to withstand the greatest physiological stress [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the ovoviviparous pathway, embryos grow into swimming nauplii, while in the oviparous pathway, embryonic development is arrested at the gastrula stage. These embryos remain dormant and do not resume development until they are activated by stimuli such as cold or desiccation, followed by more favorable conditions [20,25,26]. To ensure the survival of quiescent Artemia embryos in diapause, cellular components must either be protected or repaired when damaged during the long-term developmental arrest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Processing of Superoxide Dismutase-Fused Vitellogenin in the Diapause Embryo Formation: A Special Developmental Pathway in the Brine Shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica1

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Yang³

et al. 2011

Biology of Reproduction

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To withstand environmental stress, Artemia release diapause cysts via an oviparous pathway instead of producing swimming nauplius larvae by the ovoviviparous pathway. Encased in such a cyst, the embryos at diapause can survive for many years. Vitellogenin (Vtg), the precursor of vitellins, the main yolk proteins, is crucial for embryonic development. This study compares vitellogenesis between oviparity and ovoviviparity, the two reproductive modes occurring in A. parthenogenetica. A Vtg gene was cloned, based on N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, PCR amplification, and cDNA library construction and screening, and was found to consist of 6778 bp with a 6657 bp open reading frame encoding 2219 amino acids. From the deduced primary structure, Artemia vitellogenin (ArVtg) was found to possess six copies of the consensus cleavage site, R-X-X-R, and to contain a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like domain at the N-terminus. This is an unusual finding for crustacean Vtg proteins, having been reported only in one previous crustacean, Daphnia magna. Using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization, ArVtg gene expression was observed at early stages of vitellogenesis in the connective tissue located in the cephalothorax, with trace expression in the ovary. Western blot analysis and several N-terminal sequences revealed that ArVtg was cleaved at each consensus cleavage site and that more than 10 subunits were formed during posttranslational processing in ovarian maturation. Of these, only the SOD-containing subunits (∼90 and 60 kDa) showed different profiles between the oviparous and ovoviviparous pathways. This suggests that these high concentration components have an important function for the encysted diapaused embryos during long-term cell-cycle arrest, which has remained unknown up until now.

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Reproductive Biology of Artemia

Cited by 22 publications

References 130 publications

ONTOGENY AND TAPHONOMY: AN EXPERIMENTAL TAPHONOMY STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA

ONTOGENY AND TAPHONOMY: AN EXPERIMENTAL TAPHONOMY STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA

Estimate of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the mortality of Artemia franciscana in naupliar and adult stages

Characterization and Processing of Superoxide Dismutase-Fused Vitellogenin in the Diapause Embryo Formation: A Special Developmental Pathway in the Brine Shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica1

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