Reproduction of a field cricket under high-intensity artificial light at night and a simulated heat wave

Stahlschmidt, Zachary R.; Chun, Paul W.; Luc, David; Masuda, Garrett; Rocha, Allegra; Sandhu, Sonia

doi:10.1007/s00265-022-03220-7

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Climate change‐induced extreme weather events such as summer heatwaves often negatively influence population dynamics, species abundance, and species interactions in nature (e.g., Easterling et al., 2000; Mouthon & Daufresne, 2006; Ruthrof et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2023). However, the effects of elevated temperatures on organisms' performance (e.g., growth rate, fecundity; Leicht et al., 2013; Stahlschmidt et al., 2022; Van Dievel et al., 2017) could vary in their direction and magnitude depending on other factors that influence the physiological condition of organisms. In this study, we found both positive (growth rate, fecundity) and negative (immune activity) effects of the elevated temperature on the fitness‐related traits of the freshwater snail L. stagnalis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of elevated temperatures on organisms may, however, be not only harmful but also beneficial (reviewed in Angilletta, 2009). For example, elevated temperatures often increase the metabolic rate of ectotherms (Brown et al., 2004), which can increase their performance, at least temporarily, by enhancing fitness‐related traits such as growth rate and fecundity (e.g., Leicht et al., 2013; Stahlschmidt et al., 2022; Van Dievel et al., 2017). Whether the phenotypic effects of high temperatures are positive or negative, as well as the magnitude of the effects, strongly depend on the level of heat challenge organisms are exposed to, revealed by their thermal performance curves (reviewed in Angilletta, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resource level modifies heatwave responses in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Seppälä,

Katsianis,

Stabauer

et al. 2024

Freshwater Biology

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Predicting climate change‐mediated environmental effects on organisms is difficult because their direction and strength may depend on multiple ecological factors that vary in nature. This is because the effects of environmental factors often interact. One potentially important factor modifying organisms' thermal performance is their resource level. We experimentally examined the dependence of phenotypic responses to heatwaves on resource/food availability in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We maintained snails at different food levels (unlimited, reduced [50% of expected consumption], no food), and exposed them to either a heatwave temperature (27°C) or a benign temperature (17°C) for 1 week, followed by a post‐heatwave week (17°C). To estimate snail performance, we quantified their metabolic activity (respiration rate), growth rate, fecundity, and immune activity. All examined traits responded to temperature, and changes in fitness‐related traits (growth rate, fecundity) depended on snail resource level. During the heatwave phase, the benefits of the elevated temperature (enhanced growth rate and fecundity) were higher with unlimited than with limited resources. Additionally, during the post‐heatwave phase, the performance of previously heat‐challenged snails reduced most strongly in resource‐limited snails. The high‐temperature treatment negatively affected snail immune activity even under the high food supply, but immune traits recovered after the heatwave. Interestingly, the phenotypic effects of the high temperature were mainly direct rather than driven by increased metabolic activity. Our results indicate that heatwave responses of L. stagnalis snails are sensitive to their resource level. Such condition dependence may have important ecological and evolutionary implications by: (1) making natural populations in low‐quality habitats the most susceptible to heatwaves; and (2) altering climate change‐mediated evolution by modifying the expression of phenotypic variation in thermal performance. By demonstrating condition‐dependent heatwave responses, our study highlights the importance of examining the interactive effects of climate change‐mediated environmental alterations and ecological factors that vary in nature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource level modifies heatwave responses in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Seppälä,

Katsianis,

Stabauer

et al. 2024

Freshwater Biology

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“…These larger females not only mitigated the otherwise negative effects of high temperatures on egg size by producing relatively larger male eggs but also by depositing more eggs under extreme heat waves. Consequently, large females not only seem to increase their own fitness under extreme heat waves by producing more eggs, but also the fitness of their male offspring by laying slightly larger eggs, a strategy rarely documented in the literature [e.g., Stahlschmidt et al., 2022 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, selection should favor smaller egg sizes, which also enables females to invest more in the number of eggs (Sibly & Calow, 1983 ; Taylor & Williams, 1984 ; Yampolsky & Scheiner, 1996 ). Deviations from this trend are documented for crickets [higher number and larger size of eggs (Stahlschmidt et al., 2022 )], lizards [higher egg number but insensitive egg sizes (Hall & Warner, 2017 )], butterflies [lower egg number and smaller size (Janowitz & Fischer, 2011 )] and beetles [both egg number and size are insensitive (Vasudeva, 2023 )]. However, temperature also indirectly influences egg size and egg number through the maternal phenotype (Angilletta Jr, 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental exposure to heat waves improves offspring reproductive investment in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), but not in its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Tscholl,

Nachman,

Spangl

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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The more frequent and intense occurrence of heat waves is a challenge for arthropods because their unpredictable incidence requires fast adaptations by the exposed individuals. Phenotypic plasticity within and across generations might be a solution to cope with the detrimental effects of heat waves, especially for fast‐developing, small arthropods with limited dispersal abilities. Therefore, we studied whether severe heat may affect the reproduction of a pest species, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, and its counterpart, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. Single offspring females with different parental thermal origins (reared under mild or extreme heat waves) of both species were exposed to mild or extreme heat waves on bean leaves over 10 days, and the oviposition, egg sizes, survival, and escape behavior of the females were evaluated daily. The total losses of predators mainly via escapers were very high compared to prey, which makes a separation between selective and plastic effects on shifted reproductive traits impossible. Predator females laid smaller eggs, while their consumption and oviposition rates were unaffected during extreme heat waves. In comparison, larger prey females fed more and produced more, but smaller, eggs due to within‐ and trans‐generational effects. These advantages for the prey in comparison to its predator when exposed to extreme heat waves during the reproductive phase support the trophic sensitivity hypothesis: higher trophic levels (i.e., the predator) are more sensitive to thermal stress than lower trophic levels (i.e., the prey). Furthermore, the species‐specific responses may reflect their lifestyles. The proactive and mobile predator should be selected for behavioral thermoregulation under heat waves via spatiotemporal avoidance of heat‐exposed locations rather than relying on physiological adaptations in contrast to the more sessile prey. Whether these findings also influence predator–prey interactions and their population dynamics under heat waves remains an open question.

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“…We first estimated initial (day 1) ovary mass (i.e. 0.98% of day 1 total body mass [34]; electronic supplementary material). Then, we estimated the amount of ovary mass gained during the experiment (total reproductive investment) and, by subtraction, the amount of somatic tissue mass gained (total somatic investment) based on the total body mass gained (electronic supplementary material).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot and scared: how do heatwaves and predation risk impact resource acquisition and allocation?

Stahlschmidt,

Joura,

Makarem

et al. 2024

Biol. Lett.

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Heatwaves are increasingly prevalent and can constrain investment into important life-history traits. In addition to heatwaves, animals regularly encounter threats from other organisms in their environments, such as predators. The combination of these two environmental factors introduces a decision-making conflict—heat exposure requires more food intake to fuel investment into fitness-related traits, but foraging in the presence of predators increases the threat of mortality. Thus, we used female variable field crickets ( Gryllus lineaticeps ) to investigate the effects of heatwaves in conjunction with predation risk (exposed food and water sources, and exposure to scent from black widow spiders, Latrodectus hesperus ) on resource acquisition (food intake) and allocation (investment into ovarian and somatic tissues). A simulated heatwave increased food intake and the allocation of resources to reproductive investment. Crickets exposed to high predation risk reduced food intake, but they were able to maintain reproductive investment at an expense to investment into somatic tissue. Thus, heatwaves and predation risk deprioritized investment into self-maintenance, which may impair key physiological processes. This study is an important step towards understanding the ecology of fear in a warming world.

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Reproduction of a field cricket under high-intensity artificial light at night and a simulated heat wave

Cited by 6 publications

References 91 publications

Resource level modifies heatwave responses in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Resource level modifies heatwave responses in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Parental exposure to heat waves improves offspring reproductive investment in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), but not in its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Hot and scared: how do heatwaves and predation risk impact resource acquisition and allocation?

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