Reproduction and Recruitment in Corals: Critical Links in the Persistence of Reefs

Richmond, Robert H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5995-5_8

Cited by 197 publications

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“…Listed under the junior synonym, Tubastraea aurea (see Cairns 2000), Fadlallah (1983), Harrison and Wallace (1990) and Richmond (1997) noted that T. coccinea is a brooder, i.e. it releases planula larvae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This species has also been observed to spawn gametes on the Great Barrier Reef (Ayre, personal communication in Harrison and Wallace 1990). Edmondson (1946) reported that planula release of T. coccinea in Hawaii occurred mainly in autumn and winter, and Richmond and Hunter (1990) and Richmond (1997) extended this release period to the summer season. Richmond (personal communication) also noted that T. coccinea released larvae under laboratory conditions over a 6-month period (June-November) in the Gulf of Panamá in the eastern PaciWc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive ecology of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea coccinea in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific: Part V. Dendrophylliidae

et al. 2007

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The reproductive ecology of Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, an azooxanthellate tropical scleractinian coral, was studied over various periods from 1985 to 2006 at four principal eastern PaciWc locations in Costa Rica, Panamá, and the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). This small (polyp diameter 0.8-1.0 cm), relatively cryptic species produced ova and planulae year round, including colonies with as few as 2-10 polyps. Of 424 colonies examined histologically, 13.7% contained both ova and sperm. Mature ova varied in diameter from »300 to 800 m and the time from spawning and fertilization of oocytes to release of brooded planulae was about 6 weeks. Planulae were 0.5-1.5 mm long and they settled and metamorphosed on a variety of substrates after 1-3 days. Spermaries, though more diYcult to distinguish in histological sections, were present throughout the year. Spent spermaries were never observed in sections, but several colonies in Panamá and the Galápagos Islands released sperm from night one to night Wve after full moon, indicating the potential for cross-fertilization among colonies. Planula release was observed at Uva Island (Panamá) in March, May, June, and July, and in general planula presence was higher at warm ocean temperatures at all sites, whether or not the sites were inXuenced by seasonal upwelling. Annual fecundity estimates for T. coccinea are comparable with other high fecundity brooding species, including the zooxanthellate Porites panamensis, with which it co-occurs in Panamá. Tubastraea coccinea is widely distributed in the tropical Indo-PaciWc and has colonized substrates in the western Atlantic. In addition to the reproductive characteristics described in the present study, other features of the biology of T. coccinea, such as an ability to withstand conditions that produce bleaching and mortality in zooxanthellate species, may account for its widespread, low-latitude distribution in multiple oceans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive ecology of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea coccinea in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific: Part V. Dendrophylliidae

et al. 2007

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“…The reason is that it matters a lot to the explanations on offer if they depict facts or not. For instance, the passage in Richmond (1997) continues: "This understanding is of central importance to coral-reef management and preservation". It matters even more -to the researchers themselves, that is -whether the how-possibly explanations on offer are empirically justified.…”

Section: Partial How-explanation: Claiming the Existence Of An Onticamentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Conceptions of Explaining How Possibly—and One Reductive Account

Persson

2011

EPSA Philosophy of Science: Amsterdam 2009

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Philosophers of science have often favoured reductive approaches to how-possibly explanation. This article identifies three alternative conceptions making how-possibly explanation an interesting phenomenon in its own right.The first variety approaches "how possibly X?" by showing that X is not epistemically impossible. This can sometimes be achieved by removing misunderstandings concerning the implications of one's current belief system but involves characteristically a modification of this belief system so that acceptance of X does not result in contradiction.The second variety offers a potential how-explanation of X. It is usually followed by a range of further potential how-explanations of the same phenomenon. In recent literature the factual claims implied by the second variety have been downplayed whereas the heuristic role of mapping the space of conceptual possibilities has been emphasized. I will focus especially on this truth-bracketing sense of potentiality when looking closer at the second variety in the paper.The third variety has attracted less interest. It presents a partial how-explanation of X. Typically it aims to establish the existence of a mechanism by which X could be and was generated. The third conception stands out as the natural alternative for the advocate of ontic how-possibly explanations.This article transfers Salmon's (1984) view that explanation-concepts can be broadly divided into epistemic, modal, and ontic to the context of how-possibly explanations. Moreover, it is argued that each of the three above-mentioned varieties of how-possibly explanation occurs in science. To recognize this may be especially relevant for philosophers. We are often misled by the promises of various why-explanation accounts, and seem to have forgotten nearly everything about the diversity of howpossibly explanations. Hempel (1970) offers an account of how-possibly explanation in two steps. These can preferably be distinguished. The Dray-Hempel variety: from epistemic conflict to consistency1 The first step builds on Dray (1957) and his observation about in which contexts we require how-possibly explanations:1 Already the first step captures a distinct notion whereas the second step is reductiveFor EPSA 2009, Amsterdam © Johannes Persson, Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund 2[T]he demand for explanation is, in some contexts, satisfactorily met if what happened is merely shown to have been possible; there is no need to go on to show that it was necessary as well. To put the point another way, I shall argue that although, as Professor Toulmin puts it, to explain a thing is often to "show that it might have been expected", the appropriate criterion for [how-possibly explanations] is broader than this; for to explain a thing is sometimes merely to show that it need not have caused surprise. (Dray 1957, 157) Dray emphasizes the element of surprise. He even claims that the essential feature of a how-possibly explanation is that it is given "in the face of a certain sort of puzzlement" (Dray 1957...

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“…This decrease of spawning rate could be followed by a decrease in recruitment rate (number of new corals settling per substratum unit) (Richmond 1997;Zakaï et al 2000). Recruitment intensity itself may be a useful measure to check if physically damaged reefs are in a way of recovery or not (Kojis and Quinn 2001).…”

Section: Scale-dependent Indicators Of Disturbance Effects On Coral Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human-induced physical disturbances and their indicators on coral reef habitats: A multi-scale approach

Chabanet

Adjeroud

Andréfouët

et al. 2005

Aquat. Living Resour.

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-This article aims to review 1) the major and most frequent human-induced physical disturbances and their consequences on coral reef habitats using a multi-scale approach, and 2) the scale-related indicators and conceptual aspects used to detect and measure the effects of these physical impacts. By physical disturbances, we mean direct perturbations that lead to the destruction/erosion of the carbonate framework. Human-induced direct physical disturbances are numerous from coastal development, tourism, harvesting, accidents and nuclear/weapon testing. Since methods for monitoring and measuring indicators are generally scale-implicit, coral reefs are first presented according to different ecological-spatial scales of organization, from colony to region (colony, reefscape, reef zone, whole reef, island and region). In this way, it is easier to link a couple {habitat, disturbance} to their potential indicators and to the descriptors they target. Three classes of descriptors, related to the response of the living component of coral reef ecosystem, are considered here: stony coral, reef fishes and the human uses. A synthesis of the different options for coral habitat assessments is proposed. We sort them according to their objectives (monitor, initial status or improvement of knowledge), their specificities (identification or not of a specific disturbances) and their scale of investigation (small, mesoor large scales). Usually, the majority of the indicators of human-induced disturbances are non-specific. They reveal that something is happening but not the actual causality and can only detect differences across time or space. A major weakness lies in the difficulty in deconvoluting the signals from a conjunction of stressors occurring at different scales. As such, a hierarchical concept of disturbances in coral reefs would be the next logical step to enhance our capabilities in monitoring and forecasting coral reefs status. Key words:Coral reef / Physical disturbances / Habitat / Human-induced disturbances / Indicator Résumé -Indicateurs des perturbations physiques et anthropiques de l'habitat corallien : une approche multi spatiale. Cet article a pour but d'examiner à travers une approche multi-spatiale 1) les principales et les plus fréquentes perturbations physiques sur l'habitat corallien et leurs conséquences, 2) les indicateurs de ces perturbations et les aspects conceptuels utilisés pour détecter et mesurer les effets de ces impacts. Seules, les dégradations physiques ayant un impact direct sur la destruction et l'érosion de la trame carbonatée du récif corallien sont considérées. Ce type d'impact, fréquent en milieu corallien, peut être généré par l'urbanisation du littoral, les activités touristiques (plongée sous-marine), la récolte d'organismes (piétinement, pêche à la dynamite), les essais nucléaires ou des accidents (échouage de navires). Les méthodes d'échantillonnage et les indicateurs utilisés pour le suivi des récifs étant reliés à l'échelle d'observation, les récifs coralliens sont abordés ...

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Reproduction and Recruitment in Corals: Critical Links in the Persistence of Reefs

Cited by 197 publications

References 0 publications

Reproductive ecology of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea coccinea in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific: Part V. Dendrophylliidae

Reproductive ecology of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea coccinea in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific: Part V. Dendrophylliidae

Three Conceptions of Explaining How Possibly—and One Reductive Account

Human-induced physical disturbances and their indicators on coral reef habitats: A multi-scale approach

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