Reproduction and early development in Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot: Chlorophyceae

Borden, Carol Ann; Stein, Janet R.

doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-8-2-91.1

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides is able to regenerate from very small fragments of differentiated thalli (Borden and Stein 1969;Fletcher et al 1989) and can reproduce asexually through parthenogenetic gametes (Ramus 1972). A prerequisite for successful regeneration of C. fragile ssp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desiccation tolerance of the introduced marine green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides – clues for likely transport vectors?

Schaffelke

Deane

2005

Biol Invasions

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The invasive marine green macroalga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is now considered to be an introduced marine pest along the northwest Atlantic and southern Australian coasts. International or domestic translocation of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides is usually attributed to the fouling of ship hulls or shellfish, particularly oysters. A likely domestic vector is shipboard transport, involving the translocation of whole thalli or fragments entangled in fishing nets, ropes, etc. that are then released in a previously unaffected area. Here we investigated the survival of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides under emersed conditions, simulating shipboard transport. C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides was able to survive periods of emersion of up to 90 days in high relative air humidity. Net photosynthesis remained positive at about 50% of the rates of submersed control thalli. After 2 days of emersion and 4 days of rehydration under submersed conditions thalli recover to their initial net photosynthesis rates. Hence, C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides is likely to survive long shipboard journeys entrapped in fishing nets, anchor wells or other protected, high-humidity areas of a vessel. Furthermore, C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides may survive emersion on an exposed deck during short trips, especially in cooler conditions such as at night. The incursion sites of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides in Australia are generally in modified environments, often associated with shipping-related infrastructure such as wharves, jetties, rip rap, and moorings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desiccation tolerance of the introduced marine green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides – clues for likely transport vectors?

Schaffelke

Deane

2005

Biol Invasions

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“…We observed this process as a spring phenomenon, similar to Codium in Oregon (Trowbridge 1993). Fragmentation is an important reproductive strategy for coenocytic green algae, and this mode of asexual reproduction has been used to account for their rapid dissemination (Borden and Stein 1969;Ceccherelli and Cinelli 1999;Smith and Walters 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Codium fragile: rhizomatous growth in the Zostera thief of eastern Canada

et al. 2004

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A rhizomatous growth form of Codium fragile is described for the first time. Plants were collected in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in estuaries dominated by Zostera marina. Rhizomatous plants developed from propagules of whole plants that settled horizontally. Horizontal axes of C. fragile were up to 1 m long in plants collected in situ. Plants developed several to dozens of erect axes at right angle to the base. Horizontal growth of up to 0.2 m was found in field experiments where fragments were tied to plastic mesh and left in situ for 4 months. The unconsolidated filaments at the base of C. fragile often wrapped around the rhizomes of Z. marina and up to five separate attachment sites to eelgrass were found in single plants of C. fragile. In four estuaries, 57-100% of Codium plants with identifiable substratum were attached to shoots and rhizomes of Z. marina. The rhizomatous growth form was found in plants identified as C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) and C. fragile ssp. atlanticum (Prince Edward Island), suggesting that this is a phenotypic response to growth in soft bottom environments.

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“…We suggest that C. fragile was most abundant in subtidal mid-lagoon and back-barrier sites because shell-substrates, a necessity for recruitment (Borden & Stein 1969, Fralick & Mathieson 1973, Malinowski & Ramus 1973, are relative abundant and that recruits probably experience less frequent sediment burial compared to near-mainland sites. The lack of C. fragile in the high intertidal zones and in winter months may be caused by low desiccation resistance and winter fragmentation (Fralick & Mathieson 1972).…”

Section: Distribution Of Codium Fragilementioning

confidence: 89%

Macroalgal Distribution Patterns and Ecological Performances in a Tidal Coastal Lagoon, with Emphasis on the Non-indigenous Codium Fragile ssp. Tomentosoides

Thomsen¹

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Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is a North-West Pacific macroalgae that has invaded numerous lagoons. The success of C. fragile has been explained by its dispersal capacity, growth rate, nutrient uptake, salinity and temperature tolerances, and grazer resistance. I compared distribution, recruitment and growth of Codium to native algae in Hog Island Bay, a shallow water lagoon in Virginia. To determine the extent of invaded habitats algae were mapped from 1998-02. Codium was fourth most abundant, and hence considered successful compared to most species in terms of its biomass. Codium was found both unattached or attached to bivalve shells, while the majority of the dominant Gracilaria verrucosa and Ulva curvata were incorporated into tube caps of the polychaete Diopatra cuprea. Preference experiments showed that Diopatra incorporated Ulva and Gracilaria most, Agardhiella subulata intermediate, and Codium and Fucus vesiculosus least, and that the first 3 species were fragmented in the process. Thus, Diopatra facilitated Ulva and Gracilaria, by providing an abundant substrate, reducing flushing and maintaining a supply of fragments for regrowth. Tidal lagoons are characterized by sedimentation, desiccation, high turbidity, and high abundance of molluscan grazers. Short-term experiments showed that Codium was inferior under such conditions compared to Gracilaria, Ulva, Hypnea musciformis, and Agardhiella, decomposing faster when buried, being susceptible to desiccation, growing slower at high and low levels of nutrient and light, and being the only species grazed by Ilyanasa obsolata. To test if the success of Codium fragile could be related to its ability to colonize hard substrate, recruitment bricks were incubated in the shallow subtidal with ii ii and without a cover of unattached algae or sediments. Codium recruited well onto control bricks, but not onto bricks covered by algae or sediments. After one year Codium, Gracilaria, Crassostrea virginica (oyster) and Agardhiella were space-dominants, having tolerated temperature regimes of 2-28ºC and desiccation at low spring tides. Thus Codium is only successful compared to native species by having moderate growth over a long season, and by being an effective colonizer of hard substrate in the shallow subtidal zone in the absence of high sedimentation or drift algae accumulations.

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Reproduction and early development in Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot: Chlorophyceae

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Desiccation tolerance of the introduced marine green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides – clues for likely transport vectors?

Desiccation tolerance of the introduced marine green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides – clues for likely transport vectors?

Codium fragile: rhizomatous growth in the Zostera thief of eastern Canada

Macroalgal Distribution Patterns and Ecological Performances in a Tidal Coastal Lagoon, with Emphasis on the Non-indigenous Codium Fragile ssp. Tomentosoides

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