Reproducible preparation of nanospray tips for capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry using 3D printed grinding device

Týčová, Anna; Přikryl, Jan; Foret, František

doi:10.1002/elps.201500467

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…Instrument B consisted of a model 3482 nES aerosol generator including a soft X-ray source, an electrostatic classifier (model 3082) and a water-based ultrafine condensation particle counter (model 3788). Twenty-five µm inner diameter polyimide coated fused silica capillaries (Polymicro, obtained via Optronis, Kehl, Germany) with in-house made tips [51] were employed to transfer analytes from the liquid to the gas phase. Settings for a stable Taylor cone at the nES tip were chosen, typically around 2 kV voltage resulting in approx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-like particle size and molecular weight/mass determination applying gas-phase electrophoresis (native nES GEMMA)

et al. 2019

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Bio-)nanoparticle analysis employing a nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (native nES GEMMA) also known as nES differential mobility analyzer (nES DMA) is based on surface-dry analyte separation at ambient pressure. Based on electrophoretic principles, single-charged nanoparticles are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) corresponding to the particle size for spherical analytes. Subsequently, it is possible to correlate the (bio-)nanoparticle EMDs to their molecular weight (M W) yielding a corresponding fitted curve for an investigated analyte class. Based on such a correlation, (bio-)nanoparticle M W determination via its EMD within one analyte class is possible. Turning our attention to icosahedral, non-enveloped virus-like particles (VLPs), proteinaceous shells, we set up an EMD/M W correlation. We employed native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (native ESI MS) to obtain M W values of investigated analytes, where possible, after extensive purification. We experienced difficulties in native ESI MS with time-of-flight (ToF) detection to determine M W due to sample inherent characteristics, which was not the case for charge detection (CDMS). nES GEMMA exceeds CDMS in speed of analysis and is likewise less dependent on sample purity and homogeneity. Hence, gas-phase electrophoresis yields calculated M W values in good approximation even when charge resolution was not obtained in native ESI ToF MS. Therefore, both methods-native nES GEMMA-based M W determination via an analyte class inherent EMD/M W correlation and native ESI MS-in the end relate (bio-)nanoparticle M W values. However, they differ significantly in, e.g., ease of instrument operation, sample and analyte handling, or costs of instrumentation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-like particle size and molecular weight/mass determination applying gas-phase electrophoresis (native nES GEMMA)

et al. 2019

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“…The nES GEMMA (nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis) set-up [38] consists of a commercially available nES aerosol generator equipped with a 210 Po α-particle source, a nano differential mobility analyzer (nDMA) and a n-butanol-based ultrafine condensation particle counter (CPC). A 25 μm inner diameter, fused silica capillary with a homemade tip [39] was used for generation of a stable Taylor cone. A fresh capillary was employed for each day of measurement to preclude cross-contamination of the liposome samples.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale chemical imaging of individual chemotherapeutic cytarabine-loaded liposomal nanocarriers

et al. 2018

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Dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs is a tradeoff between efficacy and side-effects. Liposomes are nanocarriers that increase therapy efficacy and minimize side-effects by delivering otherwise difficult to administer therapeutics with improved efficiency and selectivity. Still, variabilities in liposome preparation require assessing drug encapsulation efficiency at the single liposome level, an information that, for non-fluorescent therapeutic cargos, is inaccessible due to the minute drug load per liposome. Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) provides nanoscale compositional specificity, up to now, by leveraging an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip contacting the sample to transduce the sample’s photothermal expansion. However, on soft samples (e.g. liposomes) PTIR effectiveness is reduced due to the likelihood of tip-induced sample damage and inefficient AFM transduction. Here, individual liposomes loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug cytarabine are deposited intact from suspension via nES-GEMMA (nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis) collection and characterized at the nanoscale with the chemically-sensitive PTIR method. A new tapping-mode PTIR imaging paradigm based on heterodyne detection is shown to be better adapted to measure soft samples, yielding cytarabine distribution in individual liposomes and enabling classification of empty and drug-loaded liposomes. The measurements highlight PTIR capability to detect ≈ 103 cytarabine molecules (≈ 1.7 zmol) label-free and non-destructively.

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“…It consists of a nES aerosol generator (model 3480) equipped with a 210 Po α-particle source, a nano differential mobility analyzer (nDMA) (model 3080) for separation, and a n -butanol-based ultrafine condensation particle counter (CPC) (model 3025A or model 3776C) for detection. A 25 μm inner diameter, fused silica capillary with a homemade tip 26 was used for generation of a stable Taylor cone. A fresh capillary was employed for each day of measurement to exclude cross-contamination.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Native Nano-electrospray Differential Mobility Analyzer (nES GEMMA) Enables Size Selection of Liposomal Nanocarriers Combined with Subsequent Direct Spectroscopic Analysis

et al. 2019

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Gas-phase electrophoresis employing a nano-electrospray differential mobility analyzer (nES DMA), aka gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA), enables nanoparticle separation in the gas-phase according to their surface-dry diameter with number-based concentration detection. Moreover, particles in the nanometer size range can be collected after size selection on supporting materials. It has been shown by subsequent analyses employing orthogonal methods, for instance, microscopic or antibody-based techniques, that the surface integrity of collected analytes remains intact. Additionally, native nES GEMMA demonstrated its applicability for liposome characterization. Liposomes are nanometer-sized, biodegradable, and rather labile carriers (nanoobjects) consisting of a lipid bilayer encapsulating an aqueous lumen. In nutritional and pharmaceutical applications, these vesicles allow shielded, targeted transport and sustained release of bioactive cargo material. To date, cargo quantification is based on bulk measurements after bilayer rupture. In this context, we now compare capillary electrophoresis and spectroscopic characterization of vesicles in solution (bulk measurements) to the possibility of spectroscopic investigation of individual, size-separated/collected liposomes after nES GEMMA. Surface-dried, size-selected vesicles were collected intact on calcium fluoride (CaF2) substrates and zinc selenide (ZnSe) prisms, respectively, for subsequent spectroscopic investigation. Our proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the off-line hyphenation of gas-phase electrophoresis and confocal Raman spectroscopy allows detection of isolated, nanometer-sized soft material/objects. Additionally, atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) as an advanced spectroscopic system was employed to access molecule-specific information with nanoscale lateral resolution. The off-line hyphenation of nES GEMMA and AFM-IR is introduced to enable chemical imaging of single, i.e., individual, liposome particles.

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Reproducible preparation of nanospray tips for capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry using 3D printed grinding device

Cited by 44 publications

References 38 publications

Virus-like particle size and molecular weight/mass determination applying gas-phase electrophoresis (native nES GEMMA)

Virus-like particle size and molecular weight/mass determination applying gas-phase electrophoresis (native nES GEMMA)

Nanoscale chemical imaging of individual chemotherapeutic cytarabine-loaded liposomal nanocarriers

Native Nano-electrospray Differential Mobility Analyzer (nES GEMMA) Enables Size Selection of Liposomal Nanocarriers Combined with Subsequent Direct Spectroscopic Analysis

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