“…The identification of geochemical anomalies from stream sediment geochemical data provides significant information for mineral exploration, especially in the preliminary stages (Carranza and Hale, 1997;Cheng, 1999Cheng, , 2007Carranza, 2004;Zuo et al, 2013Zuo et al, , 2015Zuo et al, , 2009Wang et al, 2014Wang et al, , 2018Ghezelbash et al, 2019). In the past few decades, a variety of new mapping techniques have been developed and applied for stream sediment geochemical anomaly mapping (Stanley and Sinclair, 1989;Cheng, 1999Cheng, , 2007Carranza, 2004Carranza, , 2010aYousefi et al, 2013;Mokhtari and Garousi Nezhad, 2015;Zuo et al, 2015;Kirkwood et al, 2016;Zuo, 2016Zuo, , 2017Zuo and Xiong, 2018;Parsa et al, 2018Parsa et al, , 2017Wang et al, 2018;Ghezelbash et al, 2019;Shahrestani et al, 2019;Ayari et al, 2022;Nforba et al, 2022;Ghasemzadeh et al, 2022). Anomalies in stream sediment geochemical data can be identified as either discrete or continuous fields (Carranza, 2008(Carranza, , 2010b, depending on whether or not the spatial representation of such data considers the geomorphological constraints of watersheds.…”