Repression of Flowering by the miR172 Target SMZ

Mathieu, Johannes; Yant, Levi; Mürdter, Felix; Küttner, Frank; Schmid, Markus

doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000148

Cited by 400 publications

(424 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The significant downregulation in miR172 targets, AP2s seems unusual as AP2s do not respond to miR172 expression significantly during development 44,45 . It has been proposed that miR172 regulation of its targets is a balanced result of translation suppression 44,45 , transcript cleavage 43,44,46,47 and self-feedback regulation 47 of these targets 46 . A recent study showed that this balance may be changed under stress; it was found that miR172 targets, SMZ and TOE2 increased significantly in expression at 16°C, correlating with a significant decrease in miR172 (ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on microRNA expression in Arabidopsis development

et al. 2013

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Elevated levels of CO 2 and temperature can both affect plant growth and development, but the signalling pathways regulating these processes are still obscure. MicroRNAs function to silence gene expression, and environmental stresses can alter their expressions. Here we identify, using the small RNA-sequencing method, microRNAs that change significantly in expression by either doubling the atmospheric CO 2 concentration or by increasing temperature 3-6°C. Notably, nearly all CO 2 -influenced microRNAs are affected inversely by elevated temperature. Using the RNA-sequencing method, we determine strongly correlated expression changes between miR156/157 and miR172, and their target transcription factors under elevated CO 2 concentration. Similar correlations are also found for microRNAs acting in auxin-signalling, stress responses and potential cell wall carbohydrate synthesis. Our results demonstrate that both CO 2 and temperature alter microRNA expression to affect Arabidopsis growth and development, and miR156/157-and miR172-regulated transcriptional network might underlie the onset of early flowering induced by increasing CO 2 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on microRNA expression in Arabidopsis development

et al. 2013

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“…Under favorable conditions, light signaling and the circadian clock coordinately control the activity of CO, which directly regulates the transcription of FT to promote flowering (Suárez-López et al, 2001;An et al, 2004;Imaizumi et al, 2005;Sawa et al, 2007;Fornara et al, 2009). On the other hand, the expression of FT is also negatively regulated by several transcriptional repressors, such as FLOWERING LOCUS C (Helliwell et al, 2006;Searle et al, 2006), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (Lee et al, 2007), TEMPRANILLO1 (Castillejo and Pelaz, 2008), and SCHLAFMŰTZE (SMZ) (Mathieu et al, 2009). Under unfavorable conditions for flowering or during the juvenile developmental phases, these repressors, as well as their related transcriptional regulators, bind to specific cis-elements in the FT locus and repress its expression to prevent precocious flowering (Song et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional Mechanism of Jasmonate Receptor COI1-Mediated Delay of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis

Zhai¹,

Zhang²,

Wu³

et al. 2015

Plant Cell

154

159

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Flowering time of plants must be tightly regulated to maximize reproductive success. Plants have evolved sophisticated signaling network to coordinate the timing of flowering in response to their ever-changing environmental conditions. Besides being a key immune signal, the lipid-derived plant hormone jasmonate (JA) also regulates a wide range of developmental processes including flowering time. Here, we report that the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1)-dependent signaling pathway delays the flowering time of Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting the expression of the florigen gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that the APETALA2 transcription factors (TFs) TARGET OF EAT1 (TOE1) and TOE2 interact with a subset of JAZ (jasmonate-ZIM domain) proteins and repress the transcription of FT. Our results support a scenario that, when plants encounter stress conditions, bioactive JA promotes COI1-dependent degradation of JAZs. Degradation of the JAZ repressors liberates the transcriptional function of the TOEs to repress the expression of FT and thereby triggers the signaling cascades to delay flowering. Our study identified interacting pairs of TF and JAZ transcriptional regulators that underlie JA-mediated regulation of flowering, suggesting that JA signals are converted into specific context-dependent responses by matching pairs of TF and JAZ proteins.

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“…An age-sensing pathway that involves two microRNAs, miR156 and miR172, and their respective transcription factor targets, SQUAMOSA BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) and APETALA2-LIKE (AP2-like) proteins, ensures that flowering does not happen until the plant is mature (Huijser and Schmid, 2011). As the plant ages, declining levels of miR156 allows SPL transcripts to accumulate and promote flowering, while increasing levels of miR172 relieves the floral inhibition caused by AP2-like genes (Mathieu et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2009;Hyun et al, 2016). A number of MADS-box proteins form complexes that inhibit flowering by repressing the expression of floral inducers, including FT and SOC1 (Hartmann et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2007;Li et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Seasonal Regulation of Petal Number

et al. 2017

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Four petals characterize the flowers of most species in the Brassicaceae family, and this phenotype is generally robust to genetic and environmental variation. A variable petal number distinguishes the flowers of Cardamine hirsuta from those of its close relative Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and allelic variation at many loci contribute to this trait. However, it is less clear whether C. hirsuta petal number varies in response to seasonal changes in environment. To address this question, we assessed whether petal number responds to a suite of environmental and endogenous cues that regulate flowering time in C. hirsuta. We found that petal number showed seasonal variation in C. hirsuta, such that spring flowering plants developed more petals than those flowering in summer. Conditions associated with spring flowering, including cool ambient temperature, short photoperiod, and vernalization, all increased petal number in C. hirsuta. Cool temperature caused the strongest increase in petal number and lengthened the time interval over which floral meristems matured. We performed live imaging of early flower development and showed that floral buds developed more slowly at 15°C versus 20°C. This extended phase of floral meristem formation, coupled with slower growth of sepals at 15°C, produced larger intersepal regions with more space available for petal initiation. In summary, the growth and maturation of floral buds is associated with variable petal number in C. hirsuta and responds to seasonal changes in ambient temperature.

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Repression of Flowering by the miR172 Target SMZ

Abstract: The flowering repressors SMZ and FLM, members of the AP-2 and MADS domain transcription factor families, unexpectedly work together to regulate flowering time via their effects on expression of the FT gene.

Cited by 400 publications

References 60 publications

The effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on microRNA expression in Arabidopsis development

The effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on microRNA expression in Arabidopsis development

Transcriptional Mechanism of Jasmonate Receptor COI1-Mediated Delay of Flowering Time in Arabidopsis

Seasonal Regulation of Petal Number

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