Representational momentum for rotations in depth: Effects of shading and axis.

Munger, Margaret P.; Solberg, Jennifer L.; Horrocks, Kristoffer K.; Preston, Andrew

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.1.157

Cited by 34 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…Weighted means Consistent with previous studies of displacement in memory for the spatial location of a target (e.g., Hayes & Freyd, 2002;Hubbard et al, 2009;Munger, Solberg, Horrocks, & Preston, 1999), estimates of the direction and magnitude of displacement were determined by calculating a weighted mean (the sum of the products of the proportion of same responses and the distance of the probe from the initial location of the target, in pixels, divided by the sum of the proportions of same responses) for each participant for each condition. The sign of a weighted mean indicated the direction of displacement (i.e., a minus sign indicated displacement in the direction opposite to target motion; a plus sign indicated displacement in the direction of target motion), and the absolute value of a weighted mean indicated the magnitude of displacement (i.e., a larger absolute value indicated a larger magnitude of displacement).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of spatial cuing on the onset repulsion effect

Hubbard

Ruppel

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Effects of cuing the onset (initial) location of a moving target on memory for the onset location of that target were examined. If a cue presented prior to target onset indicated the location where that target would appear, the onset repulsion effect (in which the judged initial location of the target was displaced in the direction opposite to target motion) was decreased, and the onset repulsion effect was smaller if the cue was valid than if the cue was invalid. If a cue presented during target motion or after the target vanished indicated the location where that target had appeared, the onset repulsion effect was eliminated. The data (1) suggest that positional uncertainty might contribute to the onset repulsion effect, (2) provide the first evidence of an effect of expectancy regarding target trajectory on the onset repulsion effect, and (3) are partially consistent with previous data involving effects of attention and spatial cuing on the Fröhlich effect and on representational momentum.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of spatial cuing on the onset repulsion effect

Hubbard

Ruppel

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Kerzel (2002c) pointed out that in many previous studies, direction of rotation was blocked, and he reported that forward displacement was greatly diminished if direction of rotation varied within blocks (i.e., varied from trial to trial). However, robust forward displacement has been reported when the direction of rotation Munger, Solberg, Horrocks, & Preston, 1999) or translation (Hubbard, 1990;Hubbard & Bharucha, 1988) varied randomly within observers and across trials within a single block, and so forward displacement does not depend solely on across-trial expectancies of motion in a specific direction. A consistently larger forward displacement for either clockwise or counterclockwise rotation is usually not reported (e.g., Freyd & Johnson, 1987;Kelly & Freyd, 1987), but as was noted earlier, targets that rotate downward typically exhibit larger forward displacement than do targets that rotate upward (Munger & Minchew, 2002;Munger & Owens, 2004).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Munger, Solberg, Horrocks, and Preston (1999) presented cube-shaped stimuli that rotated around different axes, and they reported that forward displacement was exhibited in all cases; however, if the axis of rotation was centered within the cube, there were no effects of direction of rotation on displacement, whereas if the axis of rotation was different from an axis of the cube, effects of direction of rotation were exhibited. presented shaded figures of three-dimensional objects, and they reported that implied rotation around an axis that corresponded with both the viewer's and the object's coordinate systems led to larger displacement than did rotation around an axis that corresponded with neither the viewer's nor the object's coordinate systems.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The surface form of a target refers to the format in which the target is presented. The two most common formats of target presentation in studies of representational momentum involve (1) a sequential series of stationary discrete stimuli that imply motion of a single target (e.g., Freyd & Johnson, 1987;Munger, Solberg, Horrocks, & Preston, 1999) or (2) a single target that appears to be undergoing smooth continuous motion (e.g., Hubbard, 1990;Hubbard & Bharucha, 1988). 2 Forward displacement is found with both types of surface forms, but across-study comparisons of whether these two types of surface form result in different magnitudes of displacement are difficult, because studies in which this issue has been examined have presented different types of motion (e.g., visual rotation, translation, or curvilinear motion; changes in auditory frequency).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Displaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory: A review of the findings

Hubbard

2005

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

299

417

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Memory for the final location of a moving target is often displaced in the direction of target motion, and this has been referred to as representational momentum. Characteristics of the target (e.g., velocity, size, direction, and identity), display (e.g., target format, retention interval, and response method), context (landmarks, expectations, and attribution of motion source), and observer (e.g., allocation of attention, eye movements, and psychopathology) that influence the direction and magnitude of displacement are reviewed. Specific conclusions regarding numerous variables that influence displacement (e.g., presence of landmarks or surrounding context), as well as broad-based conclusions regarding displacement in general (e.g., displacement does not reflect objective physical principles, may reflect aspects of naive physics, does not solely reflect eye movements, may involve some modular processing, and reflects high-level processes) are drawn. A possible computational theory of displacement is suggested in which displacement (1) helps bridge the gap between perception and action and (2) plays a critical part in localizing stimuli in the environment. DISPLACEMENT IN SPATIAL MEMORY 823Given the issues associated with the term representational momentum, Hubbard (1995c) has suggested that the broader term displacement should be used to refer to general mislocalizations in memory for the final position of a target, and the more specific term representational momentum should be used only to refer to that component of displacement that is attributed to the implied momentum of the target. The momentum of a physical object is defined as the product of that object's mass and velocity (i.e., momentum ϭ mass ϫ velocity), but neurons representing the motion of a physical object would not themselves actually be in motion (just as neurons representing a mental rotation would not themselves actually be rotating), and so mental representations would not be expected to possess physical momentum per se. In the following discussion, the term representational momentum is used to describe that component of displacement consistent with how physical momentum would influence a physical object, but such a use is necessarily more abstract and metaphorical than concrete and literal (i.e., more consistent with second-order isomorphism than with first-order isomorphism; Hubbard, in press-b). Similarly, the terms representational gravity, representational friction, and representational centripetal force abstractly and meta- 824HUBBARD phorically describe components of displacement consistent with how physical gravity, friction, and centripetal force would influence a physical object. Displacement in the Direction of Motion (Representational Momentum)The initial demonstration of a forward displacement in memory for the final position of a previously viewed moving target was provided by Freyd and Finke (1984; see panel A in Figure 1), who presented observers with computer-animated displays consisting of three concentric sequential pr...

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“…For example, the implied acceleration (Finke, Freyd, & Shyi, 1986), velocity (Freyd & Finke, 1985;Hubbard & Bharucha, 1988), and direction of motion (Halpern & Kelly, 1993;Hubbard, 1990;Munger, Solberg, Horrocks, & Preston, 1999) of a target modulate representational momentum for that target. The implied weight of a target (Hubbard, 1997) and the implied friction experienced by a target (Hubbard, 1995a(Hubbard, , 1998b) also modulate the effect.…”

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confidence: 99%

Representational momentum: New findings, new directions

Thornton¹,

Hubbard²

2002

Visual Cognition

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Our visual experience of the world often takes the form of events in which objects and/or other aspects of a scene (e.g., the layout) move or change over time. Understanding how the brain processes such "dynamic events" poses a major challenge for theories of perception, memory, and cognition. This Special Issue presents a series of papers related to one topic in this arearepresentational momentum-the systematic tendency for observers to remember an event as extending beyond its actual ending point. For example, when observers view a moving target, that target is typically remembered as having travelled a little farther than it actually did.Representational momentum was first documented by Freyd and Finke (1984), and in their original paradigm, observers viewed three discrete presentations of a rotating rectangle. A brief retention interval (e.g., 250 ms) followed this inducing display and then a fourth, probe, rectangle was presented. Observers were asked to judge if the probe was at the same orientation as the third inducing rectangle. As long as the inducing display implied rotation in a consistent direction, observers were more likely to judge "same" when the probe was actually rotated a little further in the direction of motion. Using a different paradigm, Hubbard and Bharucha (1988) vanishing point using a computer mouse. Typically, the judged vanishing point was slightly in front of the actual vanishing point. Similar dynamic effects have been observed even with completely static stimuli, such as individual images or photographs, when motion is implied within the depicted scene (e.g., Bertamini, 1993;Freyd, 1983;Freyd & Pantzer, 1995; Freyd, Pantzer, & Chang, 1988;Futterweit & Beilin, 1994;Kourtzi & Kanwisher, 2000;Senior et al., 2000).Subsequent investigation revealed a number of variables that influence representational momentum. For example, the implied acceleration (Finke, Freyd, & Shyi, 1986), velocity (Freyd & Finke, 1985Hubbard & Bharucha, 1988), and direction of motion (Halpern & Kelly, 1993;Hubbard, 1990;Munger, Solberg, Horrocks, & Preston, 1999) of a target modulate representational momentum for that target. The implied weight of a target (Hubbard, 1997) and the implied friction experienced by a target (Hubbard, 1995a(Hubbard, , 1998b) also modulate the effect. Information and expectations regarding target identity (Kelly & Freyd, 1987;Reed & Vinson, 1996) or behaviour (Freyd & Finke, 1984;Hubbard, 1994;Hubbard & Bharucha, 1988;Nagai & Yagi, 2001;Verfaillie & d'Ydewalle, 1991) appear to exert an influence on representational momentum, as do aspects of the physical surroundings, such as the presence or behaviour of nearby objects (Hubbard, 1993(Hubbard, , 1995a(Hubbard, , 1998bHubbard, Blessum, & Ruppel, 2001) or landmarks (Hubbard & Ruppel, 1999). Finally, the length of the retention interval between the disappearance of the target and the probing of memory also influences the extent of representational momentum (Freyd & Johnson, 1987).Several explanations of representational momentum have be...

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Representational momentum for rotations in depth: Effects of shading and axis.

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of spatial cuing on the onset repulsion effect

Effects of spatial cuing on the onset repulsion effect

Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory: A review of the findings

Representational momentum: New findings, new directions

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