Representation of gender in migrant health studies – a systematic review of the social epidemiological literature

Abstract

Background Gender as a social construct contributes to determine who migrates and which migration-related risks and opportunities emerge in all phases of the migration trajectory. Simultaneously, migration influences the individual as well as societal definition and perception of gender roles. An explicit gender perspective in migration-related epidemiological research can contribute to adequately analyse and interpret the health of migrants. This systematic review gives a comprehensive overview on how gender has been conceptualised, operationalised and measured in social epidemiologic studies aiming to assess the influence of gender on health among migrants. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, EconLit and PsycINFO and conducted backward reference searching. Reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and conducted the quality assessment. Eligible studies actively aimed to understand, identify or explain the influence of gender on migrants’ health, whereby the role of gender can encompass a variety of mechanisms, processes or states of differentiation, discrimination and/or inequality. Results Almost all of the 43 studies were cross-sectional and focussed on health outcomes in the post-migration phase. The most common theme of research was the health of male migrants in the US, and in particular of men who have sex with men (MSM). All studies treated gender as a binary variable (men vs. women), without discussing additional types of gender identities. A minority of studies differentiated clearly between sex and gender. Gender was mostly operationalised through attitudes toward gender roles and gender-based discrimination, experienced at the individual level. Community and societal level gender measures capturing structural gender determinants were underrepresented. Conclusions The intersections of migration and gender suggested synergistic effects on health that only become visible when considering those two social determinants together. Future research needs to embrace a multilevel and non-binary understanding of gender and reflect on the influence of gender in the different phases of the migration journey. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019124698.

Sex and Gender Appraisal Tool-Systematic Reviews-2 and Participation-To-Prevalence Ratio assessed to whom the evidence applies in sepsis reviews

“…Among the two-thirds of reviews that mentioned sex, gender, and related terms, most authors applied binary categories and used sex and gender interchangeably. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies [33,34,78]. Although the peer-reviewed scientific literature has documented health outcomes on gender diverse people, substantial gaps in research remain [79,80].…”

Measurement of gender as a social determinant of health in epidemiology—A scoping review

“…family/relatives, community, and society) [ 81 ]. As we did in our systematic review on gender and migration [ 90 ], we renew our call for a more systematic investigation of gender power structures, arguing that meso- and macro-levels gender dimensions deserve being investigated next to individuals’ experiences and perceptions.…”

Decomposing intersectional inequalities in subjective physical and mental health by sex, gendered practices and immigration status in a representative panel study from Germany

“…Evidence on how these interactions between gender and migration -and also with other social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic resoures -shape the health of populations is only beginning to emerge [1]. Epidemiological studies examining the role of gender in migrant health focus mostly on gay (and seldomly transgender) males in the US and apply a binary understanding of gender at the individual level with major focus on gender discrimination, roles and norms [8].…”