Representation and internalization in infancy: Three principles of salience.

Beebe, Beatrice; Lachmann, Frank M.

doi:10.1037/h0079530

Cited by 271 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 117 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These findings provide a more conservative test of infants’ processing of neutral expressions and suggest that while infants do consider context in the absence of emotional facial expressions (as suggested by Vaish et al, 2009), they are also sensitive to the salience of the appropriate facial expressions. These findings are in line with the literature that highlights the importance of emotional salience in infancy (Beebe & Lachmann, 1994; Brown, Robinson, Herbert & Pascalis; 2006; Gross, Hayne, Herbert, & Sowerby, 2002; Messinger, Mattson, Mahoor, & Cohn, 2012; Montague & Walker-Andrews. 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“Aren’t you supposed to be sad?” Infants do not treat a stoic person as an unreliable emoter

Chiarella

Poulin‐Dubois

2015

Infant Behavior and Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current study examined how 18-month-old infants react to a “stoic” person, that is, someone who displays a neutral facial expression following negative experiences. Infants first watched a series of events during which an actor had an object stolen from her. In one condition, infants then saw the actor display sadness, while she remained neutral in the other condition. Then, all infants interacted with the actor in emotional referencing, instrumental helping, empathic helping, and imitation tasks. Results revealed that during the exposure phase, infants in both groups looked an equal amount of time at the scene and engaged in similar levels of hypothesis testing. However, infants in the sad group expressed more concern towards the actor than those in the neutral group. No differences were found between the two groups on the interactive tasks. This conservative test of selective learning and altruism shows that, at 18 months, infants are sensitive to the valence of emotional expressions following negative events but also consider an actor’s neutral expression just as appropriate as a sad expression following a negative experience. These findings represent an important contribution to research on the emergence of selective trust during infancy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“Aren’t you supposed to be sad?” Infants do not treat a stoic person as an unreliable emoter

Chiarella

Poulin‐Dubois

2015

Infant Behavior and Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The chair-work (both their experience and that of the other participants) propelled them to focus on their emotions and process them moment-by-moment; hence, paying attention to, acknowledging and processing their emotions. In classic group therapy, sporadic "moments" of heightened affect are reported by group members to be particularly salient and critical in their personal discovery, healing, and growth (Beebe & Lachmann, 1994;Gray, 2001). It appears that beyond sporadic "moments" of heightened affect that are typical in classic group therapies, this group may have allowed for regular intervals of heightened affect (by way of chair-work), potentially promoting group members' emotional attunement, processing and consequential positive outcomes (Pascual-Leone & Greenberg, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“That chair work thing was great”: a pilot study of group-based emotion-focused therapy for anxiety and depression

Robinson

McCague

Whissell

2014

Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is an evidence-based treatment for depression and it has shown promise for the treatment of anxiety. Only one other published study has examined EFT in a group therapy setting. Using mixed-methods, the current study explored the feasibility and outcomes of an EFT group with adults referred for anxiety and depression. Pre-, post-, and 12-month follow-up measures of depression, anxiety, and difficulties in emotion regulation were administered in addition to a semi-structured interview at one-year follow-up. The analysis of individual interviews suggested improvements in various areas of functioning and quantitative data revealed a significant decrease in emotion regulation difficulties. The results of this study provide preliminary support for the application and further study of group-based EFT for clinical presentations of anxiety and depression. Emotionsfokussierte Therapie (EFT) ist eine evidenz-basierte Behandlung gegen Depression und bei der Behandlung von Angst ist sie vielversprechend. Nur eine weitere publizierte Studie untersuchte EFT bislang in einem gruppentherapeutischen Setting (Pascual-Leone, Bierman, Arnold & Stasiak, 2011). Mit einem Methoden-Mix untersuchte die vorliegende Studie die Machbarkeit und den Outcome für eine EFTGruppe von Erwachsenen mit Angst-und Depressions-Diagnosen. Pre-, Post-, und 12-Monate Follow-up-Messungen von Depression, Angst und Schwierigkeiten in der Emotionsregulation wurden eingesetzt. Dazu kam ein halb-strukturiertes Interview in einem 1-Jahres-Follow-up. Die Analyse individueller Interviews zeigte Verbesserungen in verschiedenen Bereichen an und die quantitativen Daten zeigten eine statistisch signifikante Abnahme im Bereich der Emotionsregulationsprobleme. Die Resultate dieser Studie liefern erste Unterstützung für die Anwendung und weitere Erforschung von gruppenbasierter EFT bei klinischen Fällen von Angst und Depression."El trabajo con la silla fue buenísimo": un estudio piloto de terapia grupal enfocada en la emoción para la ansiedad y depresión La terapia enfocada en la emoción (EFT, siglas en ingles) es un tratamiento basado en la evidencia para la depresión y ha mostrado resultados promisorios para el tratamiento de la ansiedad. Solo hay otro estudio publicado que ha examinado la terapia centrada *Corresponding author.

show abstract

“…In particular, attachment theorists have emphasized the role of procedural representations, which are "rulebased representations of how to proceed, of how to do things" (Lyons-Ruth et al, 1998, p. 284; see Beebe & Lachmann, 1994;Main et al, 1985;Waters & Waters, 2006). After repeated interactions with their attachment figures, infants develop an implicit knowledge of the cause-effect contingency between their attachment behavior and their caregivers' subsequent sensitivity or insensitivity (Beebe & Lachmann, 1994). These procedural representations, which have been referred to as "implicit relational knowing" (Lyons-Ruth et al, 1998), require the infant to be in the original social context (i.e., interacting with their caregiver; Fogel, 2004) and they follow a script about what happens when the infant approaches an attachment figure (e.g., the caregiver responds insensitivity).…”

Section: Dichotomous Memory Systemsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although Bowlby (1969Bowlby ( /1982 focused on the role of explicit memory in attachment representations, it is likely that aspects of the attachment relationship are remembered through implicit memory processes and that these implicit memories contribute to the infants' IWM. In particular, attachment theorists have emphasized the role of procedural representations, which are "rulebased representations of how to proceed, of how to do things" (Lyons-Ruth et al, 1998, p. 284; see Beebe & Lachmann, 1994;Main et al, 1985;Waters & Waters, 2006). After repeated interactions with their attachment figures, infants develop an implicit knowledge of the cause-effect contingency between their attachment behavior and their caregivers' subsequent sensitivity or insensitivity (Beebe & Lachmann, 1994).…”

Section: Dichotomous Memory Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant capacities related to building internal working models of attachment figures: A theoretical and empirical review

Sherman

Rice

Cassidy

2015

Developmental Review

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A B S T R A C TAccording to attachment theory (e.g., Bowlby, 1969Bowlby, /1982Bowlby, , 1973Bowlby, , 1980, infants develop cognitive models (termed internal working models, IWMs) of their attachment figures during the first year of life. Bowlby proposed his initial thinking about IWMs as more of an outline than a fully defined concept (Bretherton & Munholland, 2008). As such, considerable subsequent theoretical and empirical works have aimed to increase understanding of how IWMs operate (e.g., Bretherton & Munholland, 2008;Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985). To date, however, relatively little research has explored infant cognition with respect to the development of the IWM. In this review, we summarize the IWM concept as it applies to caregiver-specific attachment representations in infancy, review research examining cognitive capacities relevant to building these caregiver-specific representations, and provide directions for future research. We bridge social and cognitive developmental literatures and suggest ways in which researchers can continue to examine these representations. Both attachment researchers and social cognitive researchers can learn from each others' theoretical models and methodologies to understand development at the intersection of social, emotional, and cognitive development in infancy.

show abstract

Representation and internalization in infancy: Three principles of salience.

Cited by 271 publications

References 117 publications

“Aren’t you supposed to be sad?” Infants do not treat a stoic person as an unreliable emoter

“Aren’t you supposed to be sad?” Infants do not treat a stoic person as an unreliable emoter

“That chair work thing was great”: a pilot study of group-based emotion-focused therapy for anxiety and depression

Infant capacities related to building internal working models of attachment figures: A theoretical and empirical review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About