Representation and Application of Digital Standards Using Knowledge Graphs

Abstract

Standards are an important source of knowledge in product development. Due to the increasing digitization of the product development process, standard development organizations aim to develop machine-actionable standards that automatically enforce operations in output devices. However, the current representation format in PDF or XML does not meet the requirements of machine-actionable standards. This paper examines existing approaches towards the representation of XML data in knowledge graphs and their transferability towards the domain of digital standards. Based on these approaches, the paper aims to develop and validate a concept for transferring standard content from XML format to a graph-based representation, using the example of formulas. For this purpose, a concept for the automatic identification, extraction and modeling of formulas will be presented. Afterwards, the concept is validated using the example of DIN ISO 281 whereas a chatbot application serves as conversational user interface. It is proven, that knowledge graphs are suitable for the representation of machine-actionable standard content. Future work will investigate the abstraction towards a general approach as well as further information objects of standards.

Automatic knowledge graph creation from engineering standards using the example of formulas

“…Hereby, a KG is a semantic network that interconnects data by representing entities and their relations whereas the knowledge structure is referred to as ontology (Huang et al, 2023). The KG creation from engineering standards was demonstrated using the example of mathematical equations that were automatically extracted from XML standards, transferred to graph patterns, and provided via flexible interfaces (Luttmer et al, 2021). It should be noted, however, that only the equations and metadata, such as the standard number, were extracted, and no further contextual, descriptive elements for the correct interpretation of the equation were included.…”

“…Existent content provision formats like PDF and even XML in NISO STS are not sufficiently considering semantic relations (Loibl et al, 2020). Building upon the research work of Luttmer et al (2021), knowledge graphs have demonstrated their efficacy in serving as semantically enriched knowledge representation of standards. However, the previous approach focused solely on mathematical equations whereas contextual elements such as symbol definitions and relations between equations were not included, limiting the correct interpretation and application of equations.…”

“…In order to validate the previously described concept, the SMART standards expert system described in (Luttmer et al, 2021) is enhanced by using the automatic formula KG creation introducing advanced functionalities. As example, the standard DIN 281 is used dealing with the dynamic load ratings and rating life of rolling bearings.…”

Identification and Retrieval of Relevant Information for Instantiating Digital Twins During the Construction of Process Plants

“…To automate this process, there is already research in extracting knowledge from standards (Luttmer et al 2021) supported by recent developments of the American National Information Standards Organization (NISO) for establishing a XML tag set defined as NISO-STS which is based on the ISO Standard Tag Set (Wheeler et al 2016). Additional opportunities are provided by "technical language processing" where the emerging technology of natural language processing is applied to technical documents (Brundage et al 2021) or their classification (Jiang et al 2022).…”

Context-aware cognitive design assistant: Implementation and study of design rules recommendations

“…In these approaches, design rules are often manually written in code like SWRL or pseudo-code like SADL. However, significant progress have been made in the automated capture of design knowledge into computable semantic relations [17]- [20]. These technologies lead to more flexible CAD quality software that integrate varying design rules.…”