Report of the Expert Meeting on Ciguatera Poisoning

Abstract

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Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins: A Semi-Targeted Approach Designed for Fish of Unknown Origin

“…They accumulate within the food web and undergo biotransformation processes leading to a variety of compounds. Currently, over 30 different CTX congeners (including epimers) are known, differing in the number of condensed rings and in the presence/absence of side chains [7]. Based on their skeletal structure and the first region of isolation, four groups of CTXs are differentiated, namely CTX3C, CTX4A (both Pacific CTX and P-CTX), Caribbean CTX (C-CTX), and Indian Ocean CTX (I-CTX; Table 1).…”

“…The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) set guidance values of 0.01 µg kg −1 for CTX1B equivalents and 0.1 µg kg −1 for C-CTX-1 equivalents in finfish ( [12], based on [13]). [7]). Structures of the commercially available CTX congeners CTX3C (left) and CTX1B (right; stereochemistry taken from [7]).…”

“…[7]). Structures of the commercially available CTX congeners CTX3C (left) and CTX1B (right; stereochemistry taken from [7]).…”

Characteristic Distribution of Ciguatoxins in the Edible Parts of a Grouper, Variola louti

“…Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most frequently encountered seafood poisoning syndromes; it is caused by the consumption of the marine finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) [1][2][3][4]. CTXs bind to receptor-site 5 of the alpha subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel and cause hyperexcitability of the nerve membrane [5].…”

“…CTXs bind to receptor-site 5 of the alpha subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel and cause hyperexcitability of the nerve membrane [5]. CFP is associated with gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders, and more than 170 symptoms and signs have been reported [1]. The patients recover within a few days in mild cases, but the symptoms last for months or years in severe cases [5].…”