Report of the Electrolytic Industries for the Year 1995

Pillay, G.; Chen, Chao‐Peng

doi:10.1149/1.1837221

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Nguyen Van Huong and co-workers (34), on the basis of electrochemical ($i9' Gold Bulletin 1997, 30 (2) and spectroscopic data, postulated in 1980 that some type of oxyspecies was formed in the double layer region (to a coverage of 10-20% of the surface) on gold in base. In the following year Watanabe and Gerischer (35) postulated, on the basis of photochemical data, that gold in acid exhibited premonolayer oxidation extending over the potential range 0.85 to 1.35 V. Desilvestro and Weaver (36), using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), established that for gold in base the product of prernonolayer oxidation was a hydroxy species, and, quite importantly, one that was of different character to the species involved in the regular monolayer oxidation reaction.…”

Section: Pre-monolayer Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with the internal combustion engine, widely used at present, fuel cells in general offer the prospect of more efficient, cleaner and less noisy energy conversion. Methanol is a much more easily stored fuel than hydrogen for use in mobile energy conversion systems and may, with the development of CS:9' GoldBulletin 1997, 30 (2) more efficient methanol oxidation electrocatalysts, be the system of choice for operation at ambient, or slightly elevated, temperatures in vehicles.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(ii) Electrocatalysis by solution species is generally assumed to involve a cyclic redox process (6), viz: (2) P is the oxidation product of solution species R (a reductant) and the dissolved oxidation mediator, Mq-n)+, is repeatedly regenerated at the anode surface. A similar scheme may be written for the reduction of a dissolved oxidant (0) in which case the mediator is the reduced form, M:; , of the redox couple.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The electrochemistry of gold: I the redox behaviour of the metal in aqueous media

1997

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Gold is frequently regarded as the ideal metal for the investigation of solid electrode behaviour, which in aqueous media is often considered in very simplistic terms as being that of a metal which is highly resistant to dissolution. Gold possesses very weak chemisorbing properties and an extensive double layer region that in the presence of most pure electrolytes is often assumed to be totally free of Faradaic behaviour, and exhibits a monolayer (or AUZ03) oxide formation/removal reaction at quite positive potentials. However, recent investigations have revealed that the electrochemistry of polycrystalline gold in aqueous solution is considerably more complex. Two significantly different types of oxide deposits, monolayer (or a) and hydrous (or~), may be produced on the metal and the behaviour of the~-deposit is quite unusual. It is suggested that not only the behaviour of the~-oxide but, far more important from a practical viewpoint, the catalytic and electrocatalytic behaviour of gold (which will be discussed in more detail in Part II)' may be rationalized in terms of the active state (or states) of gold. This active state (frequently present only at very low coverage) reacts in a manner that is quite different from that of stable gold. The nature of the active state of gold deserves far more attention than it has received to date.The importance of surface reactions was highlighted in a recent article by Sachtler (l) who pointed our that ca 17% of GNP in the US and ca 25% in the case of Germany are derived from materials produced by catalytic processes. Most of these processes involve heterogeneous catalysis of gas phase reactions on metal or oxide surfaces. The catalysis of electrode reactions is also important, eg ca 13 million tons (valued at ca 2.2 billion dollars) of chlorine gas (2) is produced annually in the US, largely with the aid of electro catalytically active dimensionally stable (Ru02/Ti02)/Ti) anodes.The potential in the electro catalysis field is also quite significant; for example, the development of effective electrocatalysts for the direct methanol/air fuel cell would revolutionise the transport industry. Compared with the internal combustion engine, widely used at present, fuel cells in general offer the prospect of more efficient, cleaner and less noisy energy conversion. Methanol is a much more easily stored fuel than hydrogen for use in mobile energy conversion systems and may, with the development of CS:9' GoldBulletin 1997, 30(2) more efficient methanol oxidation electrocatalysts, be the system of choice for operation at ambient, or slightly elevated, temperatures in vehicles.

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Section: Pre-monolayer Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The electrochemistry of gold: I the redox behaviour of the metal in aqueous media

1997

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“…In the chemical industry, chlorine is one of the most widely used feedstocks. 1 More than 50% of the chlorine used in the chemical industry ends up as hydrogen chloride, a waste byproduct. 2 For example, in the poly͑vinylchloride͒ ͑PVC͒ and polyurethane industries, millions of tons of HCl gas are produced as a waste byproduct.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers Used to Recycle Anhydrous HCl

Motupally

Becker

Weidner

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this paper, diffusion and electro-osmotic drag of water across Nafion® membranes in the presence of HCl are characterized. For all the measurements, one side of the Nafion membrane was in contact with liquid water and the other side with gaseous anhydrous HCl. To characterize diffusion of water, the open-circuit flux of water across a catalyst-coated Nafion 115 membrane was measured as a function of HCl flow rate and temperature at a constant cell pressure of 1 atm. Due to the nature of varying driving force for diffusion as a function of HCl flow rate, the experimental data was analyzed in conjunction with a mathematical model. The mathematical model accounts for condensation of water and is used to calculate the concentration of liquid hydrochloric acid in contact with the membrane. The mathematical model presented here is general and can be applied to the characterization of water transport across Nafion membranes in the presence of any gas that is soluble in water. In the case of HCl, at low inlet flow rates ͑Ͻ1500 cm 3 /min, STP͒, the diffusion of water across the membrane is primarily governed by the diffusional limitations of HCl in the condensed phase. At high flow rates ͑Ͼ3000 cm 3 /min, STP͒, the flux of water is a constant and depends on the saturation solubility of HCl in the condensed liquid phase. To measure the electro-osmotic drag parameter, the net flux of water across the membrane was measured as a function of the applied current density at high HCl flow rates ͑i.e., uniform water flux͒. At 80°C, it was found that 3.8 mol of water per mole of protons are transported from the anode to the cathode.

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“…very year the Industrial Electrolysis and Electrochemical Engineering (IEEE) Division of ECS sponsors a Report of the Electrolytic Industries for the past year (1)(2)(3)(4). Even as far back as 1980, either in a footnote or later as the first paragraph in the report, it states that, "environmental aspects in the electrolytic and related industries" also are summarized.…”

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confidence: 99%