Reply to reviews of Mulcahy et al.

Mulcahy, Jane

doi:10.5194/gmd-2019-357-ac1

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…In fact, many galaxies show nearly constant spectral index for a wide range of frequencies (e.g. NGC 4449, NGC 891) [26,27], and even for galaxy clusters [28]. We will see later that the spectral index of our target galaxy is also constant.…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Constraining annihilating dark matter mass by the radio continuum spectral data of NGC4214 galaxy

Chan,

Lee

2020

Preprint

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Recent gamma-ray and radio observations provide stringent constraints for annihilating dark matter. The current 2σ lower limits of dark matter mass can be constrained to ∼ 100 GeV for thermal relic annihilation cross section. In this article, we use the radio continuum spectral data of a nearby galaxy NGC4214 and differentiate the thermal contribution, dark matter annihilation contribution and cosmic-ray contribution. We can get more stringent constraints of dark matter mass and annihilation cross sections. The 5σ lower limits of thermal relic annihilating dark matter mass obtained are 300 GeV, 220 GeV, 220 GeV, 500 GeV and 600 GeV for e + e − , µ + µ − , τ + τ − , W + W − and b b channels respectively. These limits challenge the dark matter interpretation of the gamma-ray, positron and antiproton excess in our Milky Way.

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Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The advantage of using the radio continuum spectral data is that the spectral index is close to a constant. This is true for many galaxies and galaxy clusters [25][26][27][28]. Therefore, this method can be applied in many good targets (nearby DM-rich galaxies) to constrain DM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Constraining annihilating dark matter mass by the radio continuum spectral data of NGC4214 galaxy

Chan,

Lee

2020

Preprint

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“…In the previous section, we presented the results with a fiducial unit density (ρ0 = 0.03 cm −3 ), whose PDs in 100 MHz bands are still higher than the observational results (Mulcahy et al 2014(Mulcahy et al , 2018. It is also useful to study the cases with lower and higher unit densities, which could be compared to the spiral galaxies, respectively.…”

Section: Dependence Of the Unit Densitymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…(see e.g. Hummel, Beck, & Dahlem 1991).At 146 MHz, no polarization was detected in NGC891 with LOFAR (Mulcahy et al 2018). The case with 0.03 cm −3 fits with the observations, therefore, we choose 0.03 cm −3 as the fiducial unit density in this paper.…”

Section: Determination Of the Fiducial Unit Densitymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…For example, the magnetic fields of M51 which has a clear grand-design spiral show a radial distribution 25-10µ G from center to the outer edge (Fletcher et al 2011). The structure of the halo magnetic fields are reported in face-ons/edge-ons (e.g., Krause 2014;Mulcahy, Beck & Heald 2017;Mulcahy et al 2018). Maintaining such magnetic field strength in a normal spiral galaxy for billions of years requires a maintenance mechanism that acts against magnetic dissipation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radio broad-band visualization of global three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of spiral galaxies – II. Faraday depolarization from 100 MHz to 10 GHz

Machida

Akahori

Nakamura

et al. 2018

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Observational study of galactic magnetic fields is limited by projected observables. Comparison with numerical simulations is helpful to understand the real structures, and observational visualization of numerical data is an important task. Machida et al. (2018) have reported Faraday depth maps obtained from numerical simulations. They showed that the relation between azimuthal angle and Faraday depth depends on the inclination angle. In this paper, we investigate 100 MHz to 10 GHz radio synchrotron emission from spiral galaxies, using the data of global three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We model internal and external Faraday depolarization at small scales and assume a frequency independent depolarization. It is found that the internal and external Faraday depolarization becomes comparable inside the disk and the dispersion of Faraday depth becomes about 4 rad m −2 for face-on view and 40 rad m −2 for edge-on view, respectively. The internal depolarization becomes ineffective in the halo. Because of the magnetic turbulence inside the disk, frequency independent depolarization works well and the polarization degree becomes 0.3 at high frequency. When the observed frequency is in the 100 MHz band, polarized intensity vanishes in the disk, while that from the halo can be observed. Because the remaining component of polarized intensity is weak in the halo and the polarization degree is about a few %, it may be difficult to observe that component. These results indicate that the structures of global magnetic fields in spiral galaxies could be elucidated, if broadband polarimetry such as that with the Square Kilometre Array is achieved.

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Medications in Single-Dose Vials and Implications of Discarded Injectable Drugs

Shortliffe

Lyman

Amankwah

2021

JAMA

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Every year, significant amounts of expensive injectable or infused drugs, distributed in single-dose vials, are discarded in the United States. This is due in part to the increasing number of drugs that are administered in variable doses based on a patient's weight or body surface area. Sharing medication from single-dose vials among patients is generally prohibited or severely restricted; accordingly, the unused drug amount will typically be discarded. Many of the weight-based drugs in single-dose vials are expensive and are paid for by federal health care programs (particularly Medicare Part B), private health plans, and patients who have cost-sharing obligations. This situation is further complicated in the United States by the way drugs are priced and the way clinicians and centers are reimbursed for the medications' purchase and administration. Prescription drug prices are significantly higher in the United States than in other industrialized countries, with prices averaging approximately 2.5-fold higher than prices in other nations. 1 In addition, in the United States, there is no national regulation of drug prices. 2

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Reply to reviews of Mulcahy et al.

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Constraining annihilating dark matter mass by the radio continuum spectral data of NGC4214 galaxy

Constraining annihilating dark matter mass by the radio continuum spectral data of NGC4214 galaxy

Radio broad-band visualization of global three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of spiral galaxies – II. Faraday depolarization from 100 MHz to 10 GHz

Medications in Single-Dose Vials and Implications of Discarded Injectable Drugs

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