Reply to NJ Krilanovich

Fat-Free Mass Changes During Ketogenic Diets and the Potential Role of Resistance Training

“…Table 1 summarizes the objectives, methods, subjects, and major results of the studies included in this review article. The vast majority of the research reported a decrease in fat-free mass after following a ketogenic diet (Brehm et al, 2005;Brehm et al 2003;; Brinkworth et al, 2009 (b); Johnstone et al 2008;Landers et al 2002;Noakes et al, 2006;Ruth et al, 2013;Wood et al, 2007;Yancy et al 2004), while two studies reported no change (Johnston et al, 2006;Paoli et al, 2012), and one study reported an increase (Volek et al, 2002). The quantity of fat-free mass lost was ~1 -3.5 kg, while the majority of the studies reported weight loss of ~5 -13 kg and fat mass loss of ~3.5 -11 kg.…”

“…Almost all other located studies reported greater weight loss than Volek et al, and a number of studies intentionally imposed a caloric deficit. Energy restriction of ~25 -30% was implemented in several studies ; Brinkworth et al 2009 (b); Johnston et al, 2006;Ruth et al, 2013), but others did not specifically assign a level of energy intake (Brehm et al, 2005(Brehm et al, , 2003Johnstone et al, 2008;Landers et al, 2002;Wood et al, 2007;Yancy et al, 2004).…”

“…Several studies utilized ad libitum diets in regards to fat and protein (Brehm et al, 2005(Brehm et al, , 2003Landers et al, 2002;Yancy et al, 2004), while others prescribed specific intake guidelines for all macronutrients (Johnston et al, 2006;Johnstone et al, 2008;Noakes et al, 2006;Volek et al, 2002;Wood et al, 2007). The studies assigning macronutrient intake implemented diets with ~30 -35% of energy intake from protein, ~60 -65% from fat, and ~5 -10% from carbohydrate.…”

“…The studies varied in regards to whether or not an energy restriction as imposed. The relatively large calorie restriction used in several of these studies ; Brinkworth et al 2009 (b); Johnston et al, 2006;Ruth et al, 2013) could have provided different effects on fat-free mass than a weight maintenance diet, a less aggressive weight loss diet, or diets designed to increase weight (i.e. promote muscle accretion).…”

“…Several studies did not specifically assign a level of energy intake (Brehm et al, 2005(Brehm et al, , 2003Johnstone et al, 2008;Landers et al, 2002;Wood et al, 2007;Yancy et al, 2004). Some diets were ad libitum diets in regards to fat and protein (Brehm et al, 2005(Brehm et al, , 2003Landers et al, 2002;Yancy et al, 2004), while others prescribed specific intake guidelines for all macronutrients (Johnston et al, 2006;Johnstone et al, 2008;Noakes et al, 2006;Volek et al, 2002;Wood et al, 2007).…”