Reply [to “Comment on ‘Continental hypsography’ by C.G.A. Harrison et al.”]

Harrison, C. G. A.; Brass, Garrett W.; Miskell-Gerhardt, Kimberlee J.; Saltzman, E. S.

doi:10.1029/tc004i002p00257

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In addition to the Table 3, various other studies also report the indoor NO 2 levels in European 27 cities such as Kuopio (5.5 ppb), Kjeller (7.8 ppb), Geneva (8.3 ppb), Avon (6.8 ppb), in Table 3. It shows that indoor levels are comparable to reported values in UK cities (Lai et 31 Harrison et al, 2002) and also some of the European cities. However, higher indoor 32 levels were also reported for Antwerp, Barcelona, Paris and Prague (Table 3)…”

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confidence: 86%

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Activity pattern and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Kornartit

Sokhi

Burton

et al. 2010

Environment International

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People are exposed to air pollution from a range of indoor and outdoor sources. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), which is hazardous to health, can be significant in both types of environments. This paper reports on the measurement and analysis of indoor and outdoor NO(2) concentrations and their comparison with measured personal exposure in various microenvironments during winter and summer seasons. Furthermore, the relationship between NO(2) personal exposure in various microenvironments and including activities patterns were also studied. Personal, indoor microenvironments and outdoor measurements of NO(2) levels were conducted using Palmes tubes for 60 subjects. The results showed significant differences in indoor and outdoor NO(2) concentrations in winter but not for summer. In winter, indoor NO(2) concentrations were found to be strongly correlated with personal exposure levels. NO(2) concentration in houses using a gas cooker was higher in all rooms than those with an electric cooker during the winter campaign, whereas there was no significant difference noticed in summer. The average NO(2) levels in kitchens with a gas cooker were twice as high as those with an electric cooker, with no significant difference in the summer period. A time-weighted average personal exposure was calculated and compared with measured personal exposures in various indoor microenvironments (e.g. front doors, bedroom, living room and kitchen); including non-smokers, passive smokers and smoker. The estimated results were closely correlated, but showed some underestimation of the measured personal exposures to NO(2) concentrations. Interestingly, for our particular study higher NO(2) personal exposure levels were found during summer (14.0+/-1.5) than winter (9.5+/-2.4).

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confidence: 86%

“…Compared to other UK studies outdoor NO 2 levels in Hertfordshire falls towards lower range. Harrison et al, 2002;Levy et al, 1998;Linaker et al 1998 al., 2006, 2003Chao et al, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Activity pattern and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Kornartit

Sokhi

Burton

et al. 2010

Environment International

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“…However, the one area in whieh there is a good idea of these numbers is for the eollision of India with Asia. The rate of eollision today is about 4.5 em y-I (DeMets et al, 1990) and this is believed to have eontinued for the past 45 My (Harrison et al, 1985), giving a total closure of over 2000 km. England and Riehardson (1980) estimate that the amount of material eroded from orogenie belts averages around 28 km of thiekness, with eonsiderable variation.…”

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confidence: 98%

Rates of continental erosion and mountain building

Harrison¹

1994

Active Continental Margins — Present and Past

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The first objective of this work was to obtain values for the rates at which continental erosion can smooth out or remove the topographic expression produced by orogeny. The dominant part is played by mechanical erosion, which acts most strongly in regions of large topographie expression. Chemical erosion depends strongly on precipitation or run off in individual river drainage basins, but because most continents have very similar average rainfall, chemical erosion is fairly uniform for continental sized areas, and will succeed in planing down all continents to a level peneplain if given enough time. The exception to this rule is Australia, which has a very low chemical erosion rate because of its dryness. The time constants for mechanical and chemical erosion so obtained vary between ab out 30 and 300 My depending on the continent and the assumptions made. Mountain building occurs throughout the geological time-scale, but at a non-uniform rate. Although there will not be a balance between erosion and mountain building over a short time-scale, due to the non-uniform rate of mountain building, the long-term situation must be that the two phenomena should balance out. It is shown that the freeboard of continents will respond to the long-term balance between mountain building and erosion. An expression has been derived for the average continental elevation in which the rate of mountain building depends on the rate of radiogenic he at production within the earth. It is shown that relatively small changes in average elevation above sea level of a few hund red metres are predicted to have occurred since the beginning of the Proterozoic. As mountain building is predicted to decrease on average with time, because of the reduction in internal heat generation, and as erosion is dependent on the average elevation, this average elevation will decrease slowly through time, the opposite of what some workers have predicted. A more complicated model of mountain building is then investigated, in which one component of

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“…Of course, the choice of 80 mas for the HDM spaxel scale renders some science cases more difficult to be conducted with MOSAIC. This is particularly true for cases related to AGN/galaxy coevolution & AGN feedback (SC4), which require spaxel scales closer to ~40 mas to limit beam-smearing effects that can strongly bias estimates of outflow velocities (Huseman et al 2016;Harrison et al 2018). While such scales remain accessible at the ELT with HARMONI, the expected spatial density of AGNs down to H AB~2 4 is expected to be ~8 per MOSAIC field , which means that this science case would significantly benefit from the multiplex of the MOSAIC HDM.…”

Section: Elt-harmonimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulations will be required to assess the effective feasibility of this technique with the MOSAIC HDM IFUs, at least on the brightest sources. This would offer another strong synergy between MOSAIC and HARMONI regarding science cases related to AGN/galaxy coevolution and AGN feedback, which is anticipated as an important area of research in the 2020s (e.g., Harrison et al 2018). Recent observations have suggested that integration times as long as 50-80 hr are within the grasp of spectrographs at the VLT (e.g., Vanzella et al 2014;Pentericci et al 2018) but it remains to be demonstrated that observations two or three times longer can be achieved without reaching a systematic floor that would limit the S/N as one adds more and more exposures to get longer integration times (with S/N scaling as 1/√N in which N is the number of exposures, as expected in a random-noise limited regime).…”

Section: Elt-harmonimentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating surveys for ELT-MOSAIC: status of the MOSAIC science case after phase A

Puech

Evans

Disseau

et al. 2018

Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VII

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We present the consolidated scientific case for multi-object spectroscopy with the MOSAIC concept on the European ELT. The cases span the full range of ELT science and require either 'high multiplex' or 'high definition' observations to best exploit the excellent sensitivity and wide field-of-view of the telescope. Following scientific prioritisation by the Science Team during the recent Phase A study of the MOSAIC concept, we highlight four key surveys designed for the instrument using detailed simulations of its scientific performance. We discuss future ways to optimise the conceptual design of MOSAIC in Phase B, and illustrate its competitiveness and unique capabilities by comparison with other facilities that will be available in the 2020s.

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Reply [to “Comment on ‘Continental hypsography’ by C.G.A. Harrison et al.”]

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Activity pattern and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Activity pattern and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Rates of continental erosion and mountain building

Simulating surveys for ELT-MOSAIC: status of the MOSAIC science case after phase A

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