“…Empirical methods such as multipliers for the rating curve have been used as well (Aronica et al ., ). The rating curve approach has also been extended to account for uncertainties because of unsteady flow, for example, by including longitudinal variation in water surface slope using simultaneous stage measurements at two adjacent cross sections (Leonard et al ., ; Schmidt and Yen, ; Dottori et al ., ; Dottori and Todini, ; Koussis, ). In large river systems especially, extrapolations may be needed in both directions (high and low flows) from gauged relationships for effective resource management (Sefe, ).…”
“…Empirical methods such as multipliers for the rating curve have been used as well (Aronica et al ., ). The rating curve approach has also been extended to account for uncertainties because of unsteady flow, for example, by including longitudinal variation in water surface slope using simultaneous stage measurements at two adjacent cross sections (Leonard et al ., ; Schmidt and Yen, ; Dottori et al ., ; Dottori and Todini, ; Koussis, ). In large river systems especially, extrapolations may be needed in both directions (high and low flows) from gauged relationships for effective resource management (Sefe, ).…”
“…Being physically based in nature, the first type approach often requires the estimation of hydraulic parameters like velocity or celerity corresponding to a discharge and stage. The latter is generally evaluated by the Jones approach (Jones, 1915; Koussis, 2009) and Koussis approach (Koussis, 1975, 2009, 2010a, 2010b). Further, the literature reveals that mostly discharge is used as the primary operating variable in such reverse routing approaches with the exception of Spada et al.…”
The development of water resource projects of a river often requires information on stage and discharge to design hydraulic control structures at desired locations across the river. However, the rivers of many countries are often ungauged or poorly gauged due to inadequate streamflow monitoring networks. Even with the available limited monitoring stations, only a few of them monitor both stage and discharge data. To arrive at this information at the desired locations along a river, one may estimate this information by transferring the related information from nearby monitored gauging stations.Generally, a river reach is termed ungauged if the discharge measurements are unavailable, even if the associated stage information is available (Hrachowitz et al., 2013). As a limited number of stations are gauged along the rivers, conventionally, the downstream stage and discharge hydrographs are estimated by the forward routing models with the known upstream stage or discharge hydrographs. There are many river basins worldwide
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