Reply to Comment Clement et al.: (Prevalence of Antibodies against Hantaviruses in Serum and Saliva of Adults Living or Working on Farms in Yorkshire, United Kingdom)

Jameson, Lisa; Newton, Autilia; Coole, Louise; Newman, Edmund N. C.; Carroll, Miles W.; Beeching, Nicholas J.; Hewson, Roger; Christley, Robert M.

doi:10.3390/v6093425

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“…The association between the anti-Hantavirus IgA and Hantavirus RNA in saliva was inverse, the same is true for detecting RNA and antigen in endothelial cells within the parotid gland of HFRS patients [ 42 ]. In a recent study, the anti-Hantavirus antibodies in saliva was detected in a risk group in farms in Yorkshire, UK [ 43 ]. Hereby, the non-invasive saliva sampling confirms the usefulness of Hantavirus surveillance studies for analyzing the presence of Hantavirus in previously unknown risk areas.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Find the right sample: A study on the versatility of saliva and urine samples for the diagnosis of emerging viruses

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe emergence of different viral infections during the last decades like dengue, West Nile, SARS, chikungunya, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Zika and Yellow Fever raised some questions on quickness and reliability of laboratory diagnostic tests for verification of suspected cases. Since sampling of blood requires medically trained personal and comprises some risks for the patient as well as for the health care personal, the sampling by non-invasive methods (e.g. saliva and/ or urine) might be a very valuable alternative for investigating a diseased patient.Main bodyTo analyse the usefulness of alternative noninvasive samples for the diagnosis of emerging infectious viral diseases, a literature search was performed on PubMed for alternative sampling for these viral infections. In total, 711 papers of potential relevance were found, of which we have included 128 in this review.ConclusionsConsidering the experience using non-invasive sampling for the diagnostic of emerging viral diseases, it seems important to perform an investigation using alternative samples for routine diagnostics. Moreover, during an outbreak situation, evaluation of appropriate sampling and further processing for laboratory analysis on various diagnostic platforms are very crucial. This will help to achieve optimal diagnostic results for a good and reliable case identification.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3611-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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confidence: 99%