Reply to comment by Michael D. Novak on “Evaporation from soils under thermal boundary conditions: Experimental and modeling investigation to compare equilibrium and nonequilibrium based approaches”

Smits, Kathleen M.; Cihan, Abdullah; Ngo, Viet V.; Illangasekare, Tissa H.

doi:10.1029/2011wr011609

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The five phenomenological coefficients (i.e., L p , t eq , b , f e , and f c ) identified in the four nonequilibrium phase change formulations were treated as constant parameters in the present study as commonly done [e.g., Zhang and Datta , ; Halder et al ., ; Smits et al ., ; Davarzani et al ., ]. As discussed earlier, extensive experimental testing by Bénet and Jouanna [], Ruiz and Bénet [], Chammari et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevated or fluctuating temperatures in the context of diurnal cycles also play an important role in defining nonequilibrium conditions near the land-atmosphere interface [Assouline et al, 2010[Assouline et al, , 2013. These experimental findings have been further substantiated numerically by Smits et al [2011Smits et al [ , 2012b, who showed that nonequilibrium phase-change-based models provide better estimates than equilibrium phase-change-based models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…These experimental findings have been further substantiated numerically by Smits et al . [], who showed that nonequilibrium phase‐change‐based models provide better estimates than equilibrium phase‐change‐based models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, the equilibrium phase change assumption, which is often implemented in soil hydrology modeling, assumes that the time associated with volatilization or condensation is negligible [e.g., Philip and de Vries, 1957;Whitaker, 1977;Parlange et al, 1998;Grifoll et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2005;Bittelli et al, 2008;Sakai et al, 2009;Novak, 2010]. Experimental evidence has shown that the assumption of local equilibrium may in fact be unsuitable under certain conditions [e.g., B enet and Jouanna, 1982;Armstrong et al, 1994;Ruiz and B enet, 2001;Chammari et al, 2003Chammari et al, , 2008Lozano et al, 2008;B enet et al, 2009;Lozano et al, 2009;Smits et al, 2011Smits et al, , 2012bOuedraogo et al, 2013]. Nonequilibrium conditions can be observed at low water saturations when soils are in hygroscopic moisture states, especially in clay and silt-rich soils [B enet and Jouanna, 1982;Ruiz and B enet, 2001;Chammari et al, 2003;Lozano et al, 2008].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analysis of experimental and simulated vapor concentration profiles is performed to show that equilibrium conditions do not exist for the conditions tested. The original motivation for this work was driven by the observation of nonequilibrium conditions in the past studies of Smits et al [2011Smits et al [ , 2012b and simulation results from a nonequilibrium and equilibrium phase-change-based modeling approach comparison presented herein. Whereas we are not trying to explicitly promote the use of nonequilibrium phase change under all environmental conditions, we are trying to initiate interest and further research in phase change kinetics in porous media by showing the applicability of different approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuum-scale investigation of evaporation from bare soil under different boundary and initial conditions: An evaluation of nonequilibrium phase change

2015

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Evaporation and condensation in bare soils govern water and energy fluxes between the land and atmosphere. Phase change between liquid water and water vapor is commonly evaluated in soil hydrology using an assumption of instantaneous phase change (i.e., chemical equilibrium). Past experimental studies have shown that finite volatilization and condensation times can be observed under certain environmental conditions, thereby questioning the validity of this assumption. A comparison between equilibrium and nonequilibrium phase change modeling approaches showed that the latter is able to provide better estimates of evaporation, justifying the need for more research on this topic. Several formulations based on irreversible thermodynamics, first-order reaction kinetics, or the kinetic theory of gases have been employed to describe nonequilibrium phase change at the continuum scale. In this study, results from a fully coupled nonisothermal heat and mass transfer model applying four different nonequilibrium phase change formulations were compared with experimental data generated under different initial and boundary conditions. Results from a modified Hertz-Knudsen formulation based on kinetic theory of gases, proposed herein, were consistently in best agreement in terms of preserving both magnitude and trends of experimental data under all environmental conditions analyzed. Simulation results showed that temperature-dependent formulations generally better predict evaporation than formulations independent of temperature. Analysis of vapor concentrations within the porous media showed that conditions were not at equilibrium under the experimental conditions tested.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Continuum-scale investigation of evaporation from bare soil under different boundary and initial conditions: An evaluation of nonequilibrium phase change

2015

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Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupled Non‐Equilibrium Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media With Application to Evaporation From Bare Soils

Talebi,

Sleep,

O'Carroll

2023

Water Resources Research

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Mathematical models in engineering play an important role in understanding and predicting the behavior of a system. A mechanistic coupled liquid water, water vapor and heat transfer model incorporating kinetic phase change accounting for real‐time interfacial area between water and gas phases was developed to predict coupled subsurface processes and evaporation (drying) rates from bare soils. To enhance the model capability to predict evaporation rates, the air resistance associated with the viscous sublayer was implemented in energy and mass exchange across the soil‐air interface (the land‐atmosphere boundary condition [BC]). The atmospheric stability condition was also considered in the calculation of sensible heat and vapor fluxes at the ground surface. This comprehensive model was validated against measured field data from bare soil test plots from a green roof study, during temperate summer conditions in Canada, demonstrating that the model captured the main coupled processes in the subsurface of bare soil during drying periods. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the importance of various components of the comprehensive model. Removal of viscous sublayer resistance in the vapor transfer BC resulted in poorer predictions of evaporation (drying) rates. Incorporating the atmospheric stability function accounting for real‐time atmospheric conditions did not improve the predictive capability for the simulated drying events compared to the case when only a neutral atmospheric condition was implemented. Neglecting heat transfer associated with hydrodynamic dispersion of water vapor in the subsurface had limited impact on subsurface temperature predictions.

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Local and Regional Scale Evaluation of the Integrated Urban Land Model by Comparing with the Common Land Model

Meng

Zhang

2019

Advances in Meteorology

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Land surface evaporation is not only an important parameter in natural land surface modeling, but a crucial important parameter in urban hydrology modeling. A whole-layer soil evaporation scheme was developed in the integrated urban land model (IUM) to improve the soil evaporation simulation. e impervious surface evaporation (ISE) was used as a component of urban water balance equation. In this paper, the integrated urban land model was validated at one desert site and six urban road sites to emphasize the improvement in the evaporation simulations for arid and urban areas. A sensitivity analysis was implemented in seven basins to expand the utility of the whole layer soil evaporation scheme. For the urban road sites, the validation results indicate that imperious surface evaporation (ISE) plays a crucial role in road surface temperature (RST) simulations on rainy days. For the desert site, the validation results show that the inner layer evaporation is very important in arid regions. For the basins, the analysis results indicate that the relative monthly mean differences in the evapotranspiration (ET) between the simulations with (IUM) and without (Common Land Model (CoLM)) considering the inner layer evaporation range from −8% to 8%, which is proportional to the degree of dryness. In arid areas, especially deserts, the inner layer soil evaporation could not be neglected.

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Reply to comment by Michael D. Novak on “Evaporation from soils under thermal boundary conditions: Experimental and modeling investigation to compare equilibrium and nonequilibrium based approaches”

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Continuum-scale investigation of evaporation from bare soil under different boundary and initial conditions: An evaluation of nonequilibrium phase change

Continuum-scale investigation of evaporation from bare soil under different boundary and initial conditions: An evaluation of nonequilibrium phase change

Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis of Coupled Non‐Equilibrium Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media With Application to Evaporation From Bare Soils

Local and Regional Scale Evaluation of the Integrated Urban Land Model by Comparing with the Common Land Model

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