Reply to Christopher Flower

Darbre, Philippa D.; Pope, G. S.; Aljarrah, A.; Miller, W. R.; Coldham, N. G.; Sauer, Maurice J.

doi:10.1002/jat.990

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to parabens may modulate or disrupt the endocrine system, exhibiting weak estrogenic and other hormone-related activity, and thus may have harmful consequences on human health and wildlife [7,19]. Furthermore, it has been proposed that their use, particularly in underarm deodorants and antiperspirants, may contribute to the rising incidence of human breast cancer [2,7,20]. In fact, parabens have been detected in human breast tumor tissues at the low ng/g level [2,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Furthermore, it has been proposed that their use, particularly in underarm deodorants and antiperspirants, may contribute to the rising incidence of human breast cancer [2,7,20]. In fact, parabens have been detected in human breast tumor tissues at the low ng/g level [2,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, commonly known as parabens, are widely used as bactericides and preservative agents in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) (e.g, bath gels, shampoos, deodorants, antiperspirants, creams and toothpastes), as well as in processed food and beverages, for inhibiting the development of microorganisms and therefore prolonging products' shelflife [1][2][3][4]. The antimicrobial activity of parabens seems to increase with the chain length of the ester group [1], but in practice, shorter esters are commonly employed because of their higher solubility in water [3,5], being methyl-(MePB) and propylparaben (PrPB) the most widely used [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Simultaneous determination of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and parabens by capillary electrophoresis with improved sensitivity in nonaqueous media

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

New methods based on nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) were developed as promising alternatives for the simultaneous separation and determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) and a group of parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and benzyl p-hydroxybenzoates), with good resolution and excellent sensitivity. As an effective on-line preconcentration technique, large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) was successfully combined with NACE allowing significant sensitivity enhancement. Identification and quantification of the analytes were performed by diode array detection (DAD). The influence of different parameters, such as buffer apparent pH, concentration of electrolyte, temperature, applied voltage and sample volume, on the efficiency, resolution and sensitivity of the electrophoretic separation was studied. The analytical performance was evaluated, and both NACE-DAD and LVSS-NACE-DAD methods showed good linearity, precision and instrumental LODs at low ng/mL levels. These LODs were compared with those described in the literature, and it was found that NACE-DAD method was comparable to GC-MS, while LVSS-NACE-DAD procedure achieved sensitivity similar to LC-MS, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, even using conventional ultraviolet-visible absorption detection. To test their suitability, proposed methods were evaluated for the analysis of PHBA and parabens at low and sub-ng/mL levels in environmental water samples.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Simultaneous determination of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and parabens by capillary electrophoresis with improved sensitivity in nonaqueous media

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, some years ago, it was determined that paraben preservatives are genotoxic [13], estrogenic, affect the human endocrine system, and probably cause breast cancer [2,14] and male reproductive disorders [15]. Also, a relationship between increasing melanoma rate and greater use of paraben-containing skincare/suncare products was observed [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas chromatographic determination of parabens afterin-situderivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Prichodko

Janenaite

Šmitienė

et al. 2012

Acta Chromatographica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in combination with an in situ derivatization is suggested for parabens sampling and preconcentration. The derivatization was carried out with acetic anhydride under alkaline conditions maintained using dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. The effects of an extraction solvent type, extraction and disperser solvents volume, extraction time, and ionic strength of the solution on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Chlorobenzene containing n-hexadecane as internal standard was used as an extracting solvent and acetone was used as a disperser solvent. The calibration graphs were linear up to 10 mg mL −1 , correlation coefficients were 0.997-0.999, enrichment factors were from 70 for methylparaben to 210 for butylparaben, and detection limits were 22, 4.2, 3.3, and 2.5 μg L −1 for methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, respectively. Repeatabilities of the results were acceptable with relative standard deviations up to 11%. A possibility to apply the proposed method for parabens determination in water samples was demonstrated.

show abstract

“…However, some years ago it was demonstrated that parabens are readily absorbed through the skin from body care products and their hydrolysis by skin esterases is incomplete [3]. Parabens are oestrogenic, affect the human endocrine system and probably cause breast cancer [4,5] and male reproductive disorders [2]. Moreover, a higher rate of melanoma in younger people correlates with greater use of paraben-containing skincare/sun protection products [6], and high concentrations of propylparaben and butylparaben show genotoxicity [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction of parabens

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:A hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction for gas chromatographic determination of some p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters has been developed. Chlorobenzene containing tetradecane as internal standard was used for the extraction. Optimized extraction was carried out at room temperature for 40 min in the presence of 0.4 g mL -1 NaCl in the sample solution. Calibration was linear up to 30 mg L -1 . Correlation coefficients were 0.996 -0.998. Enrichment factors were 21, 95 and 154, and detection limits were 0.20, 0.03 and 0.01 µg mL -1 for methylparaben, ethylparaben and propylparaben, respectively. Reproducibility was acceptable with relative standard deviations up to 11.7%. The technique was tested for water and urine analysis.

show abstract

Reply to Christopher Flower

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Simultaneous determination of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and parabens by capillary electrophoresis with improved sensitivity in nonaqueous media

Simultaneous determination of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and parabens by capillary electrophoresis with improved sensitivity in nonaqueous media

Gas chromatographic determination of parabens afterin-situderivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction of parabens

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About