Replik

Triantafyllidou, Maria

doi:10.4414/smf.2016.02820

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In most cases lead pipe behaved as the anode, consistent with empirical galvanic series (1,26,27). Occasionally, leaded brass or copper was found to behave as the anode instead of lead pipe (28,29), in which case the possibility for water lead contamination is minimized, because lead pipe behaves as the cathode and is protected from corrosion.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…−2 ) were also quite variable when available, but data were fairly limited. As a result, the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR), a water quality factor deemed important in affecting galvanic corrosion (8,20,28,30,42) was not calculated herein. Meaningful calculations of the CSMR were not possible for several reasons: the chloride and sulfate concentrations were not available at Utility C; only single chloride/sulfate concentrations were available at Utilities D and E with no additional data on possible variability; and the chloride/sulfate data at remaining Utilities were not always paired.…”

Section: Drinking Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of galvanic lead corrosion have previously been studied in the laboratory by measuring (1) electro-potentials across the galvanic couple or galvanic current across the galvanic couple (6)(7)(8)(9)(10), (2) lead contamination of drinking water exposed to the galvanic couple (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), or (3) a combination of both (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). In most cases lead pipe behaved as the anode, consistent with empirical galvanic series (1,26,27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

DeSantis

Triantafyllidou

Schock

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Galvanic corrosion as a mechanism of toxic lead release into drinking water has been under scientific debate in the U.S. for over 30 years. Visual and mineralogical analysis of 28 lead pipe joints, excavated after 60+ years from eight U.S. water utilities, provided the first direct view of three distinct galvanic corrosion patterns in practice: (1) no evidence of galvanic corrosion; (2) galvanic corrosion with lead cathode; (3) galvanic corrosion with lead anode. Pattern 3 is consistent with empirical galvanic series (lead → brass → copper in order of increasing nobility) and poses the greatest risk of Pb exposure. Pattern 2 is consistent with galvanic battery reversion. The identification of copper-sulfate minerals (Pattern 2), and lead-sulfate and lead-chloride minerals (Pattern 3) in galvanic zones illustrated the migration of chloride and sulfate toward the anode. Geochemical modeling confirmed the required pH drop from the bulk water level to at least pH 3.0-4.0 (Pattern 2) and pH < 5.5 (Pattern 3) in order to form these minerals. Despite joints being over 60 years old, galvanic zones in Pattern 3 were active and possibly posed an important source of lead to drinking water. Importantly, Pattern 3 was not observed in samples from systems representing water qualities favoring PbO formation.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Drinking Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

DeSantis

Triantafyllidou

Schock

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…For example, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements have been commonly used to measure lead concentrations in many galvanic corrosion drinking water studies. (6)(7)(8)(9)(10) Although ICP-MS provides accurate and informative lead information, measurements are limited to bulk water lead concentrations. For a better understanding of galvanic corrosion, lead leaching and lead transport from metal surfaces as well as direct lead measurements at the interface, where corrosion occurs, are necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Monitoring of Pb²⁺ Leaching from the Galvanic Joint Surface in a Prepared Chlorinated Drinking Water

Armas

Soliman

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A novel method using a micro-ion-selective electrode (micro-ISE) technique was developed for in situ lead monitoring at the water-metal interface of a brass-leaded solder galvanic joint in a prepared chlorinated drinking water environment. The developed lead micro-ISE (100 μm tip diameter) showed excellent performance toward soluble lead (Pb) with sensitivity of 22.2 ± 0.5 mV decade and limit of detection (LOD) of 1.22 × 10 M (0.25 mg L). The response time was less than 10 s with a working pH range of 2.0-7.0. Using the lead micro-ISE, lead concentration microprofiles were measured from the bulk to the metal surface (within 50 μm) over time. Combined with two-dimensional (2D) pH mapping, this work clearly demonstrated that Pb ions build-up across the lead anode surface was substantial, nonuniform, and dependent on local surface pH. A large pH gradient (ΔpH = 6.0) developed across the brass and leaded-tin solder joint coupon. Local pH decreases were observed above the leaded solder to a pH as low as 4.0, indicating it was anodic relative to the brass. The low pH above the leaded solder supported elevated lead levels where even small local pH differences of 0.6 units (ΔpH = 0.6) resulted in about four times higher surface lead concentrations (42.9 vs 11.6 mg L) and 5 times higher fluxes (18.5 × 10 vs 3.5 × 10 mg cm s). Continuous surface lead leaching monitoring was also conducted for 16 h.

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Cited by 2 publications

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Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

In Situ Monitoring of Pb²⁺ Leaching from the Galvanic Joint Surface in a Prepared Chlorinated Drinking Water

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Cited by 2 publications

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Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Drinking Water Lead Pipe Joints

In Situ Monitoring of Pb2+ Leaching from the Galvanic Joint Surface in a Prepared Chlorinated Drinking Water

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In Situ Monitoring of Pb²⁺ Leaching from the Galvanic Joint Surface in a Prepared Chlorinated Drinking Water