Replication of a Two-Factor Model of the Beck Depression Inventory in Alcohol Dependents and Suicide Attempters

Abstract

The factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is still controversial. The present study attempted to replicate a general two-factor model (cognitive-affective and somatic factors) of the BDI with a confirmatory Procrustes rotation procedure in two clinical samples of patients being treated for alcohol dependence (N₁ = 243, N₂ = 148) and one clinical sample of patients admitted to an acute psychiatric ward because of an act of deliberate self-harm (N₃ = 144). In addition, due to the neglect of gender-specific analysis in factor-analytic studies of the BDI, the two-factor model was tested for males and females separately. The results did not support the validity of the two-factor model in the total samples. Gender-specific findings indicated a better fit of the model in male samples. Possible implications of a gender-specific factor structure of the BDI are discussed.

The Impact of Migraine on Patients With Major Depressive Disorder

“…21 Among the 21 items of BDI, the first 9 items represent cognitive-affective symptoms of depression, the 10th to 15th items show no clear factor-loading pattern, and the last 6 items, including insomnia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, somatic preoccupation, and loss of libido, represent somatic and vegetative symptoms. 24 Therefore, the physical symptoms of BDI accounted for 28.6% (6/21) of total BDI scores. In contrast, HADS, which comprises 7 items for anxiety and 7 items for depression, was used in this study because it does not consider the somatic domains of anxiety and depression, and thereby excludes the influence of the confounding factors of physical symptoms.…”

The factorial structure of the Suicide Intent Scale: a comparative study in clinical samples from 11 European regions

“…The component loadings from the CATPCA procedure served as input for the subsequent Procrustes rotation procedure. For 'confi rmatory' analysis, PCA with orthogonal Procrustes rotation to maximum target factor fi t was used (Levine, 1977;Caprara et al, 2000;Dunkel et al, 2002;Thompson, 2004;Hendriks et al, 2003). The 'confi rmatory' Procrustes rotation procedure rotates orthogonal principal axis or principal components loadings to a theoretically specifi ed target matrix of factor loadings with maximum congruence according to the least squares loss criterion (the terms 'confi rmatory' and 'test' are used in quotation marks to indicate that we did not use a parametric confi rmatory factor testing procedure).…”

Dimensional and hierarchical models of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II in an Arab college student sample

“…Although several studies have supported these two-factor solutions in FA using clinical populations [19-25] and student populations [26-29], some reports were not supportive [30-35]. In other words, the factorial validity of the BDI-II is still controversial [32,35], and there is no formal assignment of items to scales [1]. This controversy is evident in the few reports on the factor analysis of the BDI-II from the Middle East.…”