Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?

Carlsson, Anders S.; Yilmaz, Jenny Lindberg; Green, Allan; Stymne, Sten; Hofvander, Per

doi:10.1002/ejlt.201100032

Cited by 176 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…The use of a lipid transporter is a unique approach to increasing the vegetable oil content of seeds that can be combined with other methods enforcing seed metabolic functions. Given that the global consumption of vegetable oils is expected to double by 2030 (31), this strategy may be valuable in exploring ways to meet the urgent need for increased oil production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AtABCA9 transporter supplies fatty acids for lipid synthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum

Kim

Yamaoka

Ono

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

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Fatty acids, the building blocks of biological lipids, are synthesized in plastids and then transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for assimilation into specific lipid classes. The mechanism of fatty acid transport from plastids to the ER has not been identified. Here we report that AtABCA9, an ABC transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana, mediates this transport. AtABCA9 was localized to the ER, and atabca9 null mutations reduced seed triacylglycerol (TAG) content by 35% compared with WT. Developing atabca9 seeds incorporated 35% less 14 C-oleoyl-CoA into TAG compared with WT seeds. Furthermore, overexpression of AtABCA9 enhanced TAG deposition by up to 40%. These data strongly support a role for AtABCA9 as a supplier of fatty acid substrates for TAG biosynthesis at the ER during the seed-filling stage. AtABCA9 may be a powerful tool for increasing lipid production in oilseeds.ABCA transporter | ABCA9 | acyl-CoA | fatty acid transporter

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AtABCA9 transporter supplies fatty acids for lipid synthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum

Kim

Yamaoka

Ono

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

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“…As a result, these transgenic plants were reported to have a 40% increase in total seed FAs compared with wild-type plants. Still other strategies to generally up-regulate lipid content in vegetative tissues rely on pathway engineering, transcriptional regulation, or altering carbon partitioning (21)(22)(23). The prospect of producing substantial quantities of TAG in tissues other than seeds likely will require metabolic changes at many levels but may offer new opportunities to impact vegetable oil production worldwide (22).…”

Section: Regulation Of Fatty Acid Supply By Plastidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartmentation of Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Plants

Chapman

Ohlrogge

2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

386

352

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Triacylglycerols from plants, familiar to most people as vegetable oils, supply 25% of dietary calories to the developed world and are increasingly a source for renewable biomaterials and fuels. Demand for vegetable oils will double by 2030, which can be met only by increased oil production. Triacylglycerol synthesis is accomplished through the coordinate action of multiple pathways in multiple subcellular compartments. Recent information has revealed an underappreciated complexity in pathways for synthesis and accumulation of this important energyrich class of molecules. Regulation of Fatty Acid Supply by PlastidsPlant fatty acid (FA) 2 synthesis differs from almost all other eukaryotes in two fundamental features. First, unlike the cytosolic location in other kingdoms, FAs for triacylglycerol (TAG) and membrane synthesis are produced in the plastid compartment of plant cells: chloroplasts in green tissues and proplastids (or leucoplasts) in non-green tissues. Second, the plant FA synthase (FAS) is a dissociable complex with separate proteins for the acyl carrier protein (ACP) and each enzyme (1). After assembly of C 16 and C 18 acyl chains by FAS and desaturation of C 18:0 to C 18:1 , FAs destined for TAG assembly are released from ACP in the plastid stroma by chain-terminating acyl-ACP thioesterases. Two classes of thioesterases designated FATA and FATB are responsible for hydrolysis of unsaturated and saturated acyl-ACPs, respectively, and thus determine in large part the chain length and saturated FA content of plant oils (2). The FA products of FATA and FATB are activated to CoA before export to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The subsequent reactions of TAG synthesis belong to the so-called "eukaryotic" pathway of glycerolipid synthesis, which occurs outside the plastid (3, 4). An overview of the compartmentalization of FA supply for TAG is shown in Fig. 1. FA production by plastids can limit TAG accumulation in seeds (5, 6), so increasing flux through FA biosynthesis may perhaps have the single greatest influence on the amount of TAG produced in plant tissues. As in bacteria, fungi, and animals, both in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that acetylCoA carboxylase (ACCase) is a key rate-determining step that controls FA biosynthesis. ACCase activity is under complex regulation by light, phosphorylation, thioredoxin, PII protein, and product feedback control (7,8). Of course, the flux of carbon to FA synthesis can have multiple regulatory steps, which may explain why efforts to increase seed oil by up-regulating ACCase were only modestly successful (9).Transcriptional regulation of the production of FA for TAG biosynthesis is most directly controlled by the WRINKLED1 transcription factor (7, 10, 11). Arabidopsis wri1 mutants are reduced by 80% in seed oil, and overexpression of WRI1 can increase oil content in seeds of several plants. Targets of WRI1 include ACCase, many enzymes of FAS, and key enzymes and transporters that provide pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in the plastid. Thus, WRI1 can be considered as ...

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“…However, the ability of nonseed (i.e., vegetative) cells and tissues to accumulate TAG can vary substantially ( 93 ). For example, LDs are not particularly abundant in leaf tissues, but they are prevalent in some fruits (e.g., avocado, palm, olive), roots/tubers (e.g., cotton, nutsedge), fl oral tissues and even stems (e.g., Mongolian oil wood) of certain species ( 94 ). What regulates the abundance of LDs in these tissues is unknown, but it appears that it is not through the well-characterized transcriptional programs operating in maturing seeds ( 95 ).…”

Section: Approaches To Identify Novel Proteins Involved In Ld Biogenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emerging role of LDs in stress response and BR metabolism may also provide novel opportunities for increasing stress resistance and/or enhancing yield of plants, a fi eld of research that is already receiving considerable attention ( 116 ). Finally, knowledge of LD formation in nonseed tissues may allow for increasing the total TAG content in vegetative biomass of plants (117)(118)(119), which could serve as a useful source of food, feed, fuel, or feedstocks for a variety of industrial applications ( 94,(120)(121)(122).…”

Section: Novel Roles For Lds In Biotechnology Applications In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in plants

Chapman

Dyer

Mullen

2012

Journal of Lipid Research

323

162

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Journal of Lipid Research Volume 53, 2012 215developing seeds and other plant tissues that contribute to the synthesis of TAGs, although the relative contributions of these alternative pathways to TAG accumulation may vary depending on the tissue and/or species ( 1 ).There also has been a growing appreciation in the past few years that the compartmentation of neutral lipids in LDs of plants extends well beyond their role as simply static depots for carbon storage in seeds and, consequently, there is renewed interest in the cellular ontogeny and dynamics of this organelle. For instance, LDs are observed in nearly all cell types in plants, and although the biogenesis of LDs in nonseed tissues is still poorly understood, we now know that they are involved in many unique processes, such as stress response, pathogen resistance, and hormone metabolism. Furthermore, there are highly specialized roles for LDs in anther development, wherein LDs contribute signifi cantly to the formation of the hydrophobic barrier of the pollen coat as tapetal tissues undergo programmed cell death. Interestingly, this process is somewhat similar to the specialized role that LDs play in the formation of the hydrophobic barrier that comprises the outer layer of mammalian skin.Overall, knowledge of LD function in both seed and nonseed tissues has been greatly enhanced by efforts to characterize the major proteins that specifi cally associate with these organelles, namely oleosins, caleosins, and sterol dehydrogenases (steroleosins) ( Fig. 1 ). Here, after a brief description of LD biogenesis in plant cells, we review the functional properties of these major LD-associated proteins and discuss how they compare with the properties of their known or potential counterparts in yeasts and mammals. We also describe the specialized role of LDs in pollen coat formation and how this process has some The seeds of plants store signifi cant amounts of neutral lipids, namely triacylglycerols (TAGs), in cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs), most of which are subsequently mobilized immediately after germination in order to fuel the growth and development of the seedling prior to photosynthetic establishment. In developing seeds, TAGs are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from acyl-CoAs and glycerol by the conserved "Kennedy" pathway that operates in all eukaryotes. Recently, however, additional acylCoA-independent reactions have been identifi ed in

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Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?

Cited by 176 publications

References 130 publications

AtABCA9 transporter supplies fatty acids for lipid synthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum

AtABCA9 transporter supplies fatty acids for lipid synthesis to the endoplasmic reticulum

Compartmentation of Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Plants

Biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in plants

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