Replacement of ZnO by ecofriendly synthesized MgO in the NBR vulcanization

Silva, Arianne A. da; Rocha, Elisson B. D. da; Linhares, Felipe N.; Sousa, Atos Alves de; Carvalho, Nakédia M. F.; Furtado, Cristina R. G.

doi:10.1007/s00289-021-03921-5

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Other metal oxides such as CaO, MgO, CdO, CuO, PbO, and NiO can be used as cure activators. Among different metal oxides, MgO is the most promising candidate [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] because of its non-toxicity. Unlike other basic metal oxides, the hydrolyzed form of MgO is also solid and has a negligible effect on rubber plasticity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the lower cross-linking capacity of MgO could be due to a lack of active sulfurating complex, as was evident in the ZnO-based cure activator [ 42 ]. From different studies [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 31 , 32 , 38 , 42 ], it was revealed that partial or complete replacement of ZnO could be possible depending upon the purpose of application. For tire application, complete replacement of ZnO is quite impossible because the tires need the higher modulus and other advantages that cannot be achieved without ZnO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators

2022

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Zinc oxide performs as the best cure activator in sulfur-based vulcanization of rubber, but it is regarded as a highly toxic material for aquatic organisms. Hence, the toxic cure activator should be replaced by a non-toxic one. Still, there is no suitable alternative industrially. However, binary activators combining ZnO and another metal oxide such as MgO can largely reduce the level of ZnO with some improved benefits in the vulcanization of rubber as investigated in this research. Curing, mechanical, and thermal characteristics were investigated to find out the suitability of MgO in the vulcanization of rubber. Curing studies reveal that significant reductions in the optimum curing times are found by using MgO as a co-cure activator. Especially, the rate of vulcanization with conventional 5 phr (per hundred grams) ZnO can be enhanced by more than double, going from 0.3 Nm/min to 0.85 Nm/min by the use of a 3:2 ratio of MgO to ZnO cure activator system that should have high industrial importance. Mechanical and thermal properties investigations suggest that MgO as a co-cure activator used at 60% can provide 7.5% higher M100 (modulus at 100% strain) (0.58 MPa from 0.54 MPa), 20% higher tensile strength (23.7 MPa from 19.5 MPa), 15% higher elongation at break (1455% from 1270%), 68% higher fracture toughness (126 MJ/m3 from 75 MJ/m3), and comparable thermal stability than conventionally using 100 % ZnO. Especially, MgO as a co-cure activator could be very useful for improving the fracture toughness in rubber compounds compared to ZnO as a single-site curing activator. The significant improvements in the curing and mechanical properties suggest that MgO and ZnO undergo chemical interactions during vulcanization. Such rubber compounds can be useful in advanced tough and stretchable applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators

2022

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“…The maximum torques of samples #2, #3, and #4 are larger than those of the pure rubber, #1, and #5. The maximum torque of the difference between the maximum torque and the minimum torque ( M H − M L ) is related to crosslink density 44,45 . The M H − M L of samples #1–#5 are 59.11, 66.78, 70.46, 66.34, and 41.03 dNm, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum torque of the difference between the maximum torque and the minimum torque (M H À M L ) is related to crosslink density. 44,45 The M H À M L of samples #1-#5 are 59.11, 66.78, 70.46, 66.34, and 41.03 dNm, respectively. Thus, as the content of ECO increased, M H À M L first increased and then decreased gradually.…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the low‐temperature properties and oil resistance of peroxide‐cured epichlorohydrin rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber blends

Gao

Chen

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Low-acrylonitrile nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) are seriously degraded by No. 15 oil in the hydraulic system of aircraft. The present work aims to prepare rubber materials with excellent low-temperature and No. 15 aviation hydraulic oil resistance. Terpolymerization epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO) and lowacrylonitrile NBR were blended. The blends were vulcanized using peroxide.The effects of the ECO/NBR blending ratio on the oil resistance and lowtemperature, physical and mechanical, hot air aging, and ozone aging proper-

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“…Magnesium oxide (MgO) attracts much attention as a vulcanization activator, instead of zinc oxide (ZnO), − which plays an important role in the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber. This is because MgO has the potential to form a vulcanization intermediate when it reacts with a vulcanization accelerator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Condition of Nanostructured Magnesium Oxide for Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

Luu,

Kawahara

2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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An attempt to use nanostructured magnesium oxide (MgO) particles was made for the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber by varying their amount and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET)-specific surface area. The nanostructured MgO particles in a ratio of 0−20 parts per hundred rubber (phr) were mixed with natural rubber together with sulfur, vulcanization accelerator, and stearic acid. The resulting rubber composite was vulcanized at 150 °C. The effect of the nanostructured MgO particles was investigated by cure characteristic measurement at 150 °C. The resulting natural rubber vulcanizates were characterized by swelling measurement, tensile test, and rubberstate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The vulcanization was promoted by increasing the amount and BET-specific surface area of the nanostructured MgO particles. Cross-link density and tensile properties depended on the amount and BET-specific surface area. Rubber-state NMR spectroscopy revealed that the nanostructured MgO particles positively promoted the ionic mechanism of the vulcanization and effectively mitigated radical mechanisms and side reactions. This dual effect, enhancing vulcanization while suppressing undesirable side reactions, underscored MgO's potential as a pivotal agent for elevating the overall quality and performance of natural rubber vulcanizates. A critical threshold value of the surface area of MgO was 4.5 m 2 /g-rubber. Above this threshold value, a discernible enhancement in vulcanization was observed. This critical threshold value emerged as a key determinant, signifying the crucial role of the surface in the vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber in the presence of MgO.

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Replacement of ZnO by ecofriendly synthesized MgO in the NBR vulcanization

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators

Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators

Investigation of the low‐temperature properties and oil resistance of peroxide‐cured epichlorohydrin rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber blends

Critical Condition of Nanostructured Magnesium Oxide for Accelerated Sulfur Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

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