Replacement Effect of Fish Meal by Plant Protein Sources in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Feeds with an Addition of Jack Mackerel Meal on Growth, Feed Availability, and Biochemical Composition

Abstract

Application of feed stimulants is very helpful to increase the feed intake of fish, especially in the development of low fish meal (FM) diets. FM replacement effect by various plant protein sources (corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and corn protein concentrate (CPC)) in diets with an addition of jack mackerel meal (JMM) as feed stimulants on growth, feed availability, and biochemical composition of olive flounder was elucidated. An experimental design of two-way (two replacement levels (25% and 50%) × 3 replacement sources (CGM, SPC, and CPC)) analysis of variance was adopted. Seven diets were formulated. Amount of 60% FM was contained in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, 25% and 50% FM were replaced by CGM, SPC, and CPC with an addition of 12% JMM as feed stimulants, referred to as the CGM25, CGM50, SPC25, SPC50, CPC25, and CPC50 diets, respectively. Four hundred and twenty juvenile fish were distributed into 21 flow-through tanks. All diets were assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to satiation twice a day for 56 days. Both dietary replacement levels and sources had statistical effect on weight gain ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.045 , respectively), specific growth rate (SGR) ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.033 ), and feed consumption ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.03 ) of fish. Dietary increased FM replacement levels lowered weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish. Weight gain, SGR, and feed consumption of fish fed the Con and CGM25 diets were statistically ( P < 0.05 ) greater than those of fish fed the CGM50, SPC50, and CPC50 diets. Both replacement level and source had no statistical effect on feed utilization, biochemical composition except for statistical effect of replacement source on glycine content of fish, and lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of fish. FM up to 25% could be substituted with CGM, SPC, and CPC in the olive flounder feeds supplemented with 12% JMM as feed stimulants without compromising growth, feed utilization, and lysozyme and SOD activities.

Substitution effect of fish meal with various plant protein sources on growth performance and feed utilization in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) diets including jack mackerel meal used as feed stimulants

“…This study evaluated the substitutability of CGM, SPC, and CPC for 25% and 50% of FM in rockfish diets with 22% JMM inclusion, as reported in our previous studies (Baek et al, 2021;Kim and Cho, 2019) showing the desirable inclusion effect of JMM in feeds on improvement in feed consumption and growth of rockfish. Increased FM substitution levels in the diets of rockfish lowered weight gain and SGR in this study, which is consistent with other studies showing that increased FM replacement levels in diets deteriorated the growth performance of fish (Kissil et al, 2000;Hien et al, 2017;Blaufuss and Trushenski, 2012;Baek et al, 2023). Furthermore, dietary FM replacement with CGM produced superior weight and SGR in rockfish compared to dietary FM replacement with SPC or CPC in this experiment.…”

“…Increased FM replacement levels in diets lowered the FE, PER, and PR of rockfish, which directly responded to the reduced growth of rockfish in this experiment. Unlike this experiment, feed intake of olive flounder was reduced with dietary increased FM substitution levels, but no remarkable difference in feed utilization was found among dietary treatments (Baek et al, 2023). Feed consumption and growth performance of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) were not negatively affected by dietary FM replacements with SPC when fish were fed with a 40% FM-based diet or one of the diets replacing 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% FM by SPC with limiting AA supplementation for 8 weeks (Wang et al, 2017).…”

“…However, feed consumption was not influenced by dietary treatments. Unlike this study, dietary increased FM replacement levels with various alternative sources tended to bring about reduced feed intake of fish (Khalifa et al, 2018;Kissil et al, 2000;Hien et al, 2017;Baek et al, 2023). Significant or slight improvements in weight gain, SGR, FE, and PER of rockfish fed the CGM diets compared to rockfish fed the SPC and CPC diets implied that CGM seemed to be a more suitable replacer for FM than either SPC or CPC in the rockfish feeds in this experimental conditions.…”

“…Similarly, incorporating JMM at the sacrifice of FM in the 55% and 60% FM basal diets effectively elevated the growth performance of rockfish (Kim and Cho, 2019) and olive flounder (Jeong et al, 2020), respectively, directly responding to increased feed intake. Recently, however, Baek et al (2023) unveiled that CGM, SPC, and CPC could replace 25% FM in the feeds of olive flounder without producing undesirable impacts on growth and feed utilization when juvenile olive flounder were provided with a 60% FM-basal feed or one of the feeds replacing 25% and 50% of FM by CGM, SPC, and CPC with 12% JMM inclusion as feed stimulants for 56 days. Jeong and Cho (2023) also proved that diets substituting 25 and 50% FM with chicken by-product meal (CBM) and tuna by-product meal (TBM), respectively, achieved superior growth and feed consumption of olive flounder compared to fish fed a 60% FM-based diet when fish were fed with a 60% FMbased diet or one of the diets replacing 25% and 50% FM with TBM, CBM, and meat meal with 12% JMM inclusion as feed stimulants.…”

Fish Meal Substitution Effects with the Combined Animal Proteins in the Feeds of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on Growth Performance, Feed Availability, and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus iniae

“…Incorporating feed attractants and stimulants into developing low-FM feeds is a very effective way to improve the feed consumption of fish. For instance, jack mackerel meal exhibited the strongest feed attractant response to olive flounder [64] among various crude protein sources, and its incorporation in low-FM diets substituting various sources of animal and plant proteins for FM improved feed availability and growth of olive flounder [65,66]. Nevertheless, the effect of feed attractants and stimulants on the performance of fish may vary depending on the fish species [67].…”