Repetition Increases Perceived Truth Even for Known Falsehoods

Fazio, Lisa K.

doi:10.1525/collabra.347

Cited by 44 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Most importantly, repetition did not interact with knowledge level, either on its own, F (2, 154) = 0.20, p = .818, η p 2 = .00, or in conjunction with age, F (4, 154) = 0.27, p = .894, η p 2 = .01. As in prior research (Fazio, 2020; Fazio et al, 2015), prior knowledge did not protect against the illusory-truth effect. Repetition affected all statements equally.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 41%

“…A secondary goal of this research was to replicate previous research on the effects of prior knowledge on the illusory-truth effect. Studies have shown that repetition increases perceived truth, even when people have prior knowledge that contradicts the repeated falsehood (Fazio, 2020; Fazio et al, 2015), and that repetition affects belief similarly for both plausible and implausible statements (Fazio, Rand, & Pennycook, 2019). To confirm and extend these findings, we designed our stimuli so that each age group would have relevant prior knowledge for some statements and limited knowledge about others.…”

Section: Effects Of Prior Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect occurs with trivia facts (Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino, 1977), political opinions (Arkes, Hackett, & Boehm, 1989), and even false news headlines (Pennycook, Cannon, & Rand, 2018). It also occurs with statements that contradict people’s existing knowledge—for example, “The skirt that Scottish men wear is called a sari” (Fazio, 2020; Fazio, Brashier, Payne, & Marsh, 2015). These findings have taken on new importance in the modern world, where misinformation and false statements are repeatedly presented by politicians and on social media.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Repetition on Truth Judgments Across Development

Fazio

Sherry

2020

Psychol Sci

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According to numerous research studies, when adults hear a statement twice, they are more likely to think it is true compared with when they have heard it only once. Multiple theoretical explanations exist for this illusory-truth effect. However, none of the current theories fully explains how or why people begin to use repetition as a cue for truth. In this preregistered study, we investigated those developmental origins in twenty-four 5-year-olds, twenty-four 10-year-olds, and 32 adults. If the link between repetition and truth is learned implicitly, then even 5-year-olds should show the effect. Alternatively, realizing this connection may require metacognition and intentional reflection, skills acquired later in development. Repetition increased truth judgments for all three age groups, and prior knowledge did not protect participants from the effects of repetition. These results suggest that the illusory-truth effect is a universal effect learned at a young age.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 41%

Section: Effects Of Prior Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Repetition on Truth Judgments Across Development

Fazio

Sherry

2020

Psychol Sci

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“…Repeated false statements are given higher truth ratings even when they contradict participants' existing knowledge (Brashier et al, 2017;Fazio, 2020b;Fazio et al, 2015). In these studies, participants' existing knowledge is measured either before (Fazio, 2020b) or after (Fazio et al, 2015) they participate in a typical illusory truth experiment (e.g., "What is the name for a cyclone that occurs over land? Hurricane, Tornado, or I Don't Know").…”

Section: Prior Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of repeating false and misleading information on belief

Pillai

Fazio

2021

WIRES Cognitive Science

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False and misleading information is readily accessible in people's environments, oftentimes reaching people repeatedly. This repeated exposure can significantly affect people's beliefs about the world, as has been noted by scholars in political science, communication, and cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. In particular, repetition increases belief in false information, even when the misinformation contradicts prior knowledge. We review work across these disciplines, identifying factors that may heighten, diminish, or have no impact on these adverse effects of repetition on belief. Specifically, we organize our discussion around variations in what information is repeated, to whom the information is repeated, how people interact with this repetition, and how people's beliefs are measured. A key cross-disciplinary theme is that the most influential factor is how carefully or critically people process the false information. However, several open questions remain when comparing findings across different fields and approaches. We conclude by noting a need for more interdisciplinary work to help resolve these questions, as well as a need for more work in naturalistic settings so that we can better understand and combat the effects of repeated circulation of false and misleading information in society.

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“…Second, delegitimization is practiced with the focus of negative elements of a discourse, the suppression of violations of common values, or negative descriptions of certain parties. Third, delegitimization can be placed on the issue of possible effects of discourse (Fazio, 2020)…”

Section: The Concept Of Firehose Of Falsehoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hoaks and Resistance to Government Motion Case Study KAMI (Koalisi Aksi Menyelamatkan Indonesia)

Belinda

Puspitasari

2021

jsss

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oaks or fake news is a serious concern because it has a negative impact due to information that is not ascertained the truth. Especially during the political year of the 2019 presidential election, the spread of hoaxes is increasingly massively attacking each candidate personally and institutionally. The Ministry of Communication and Information recorded in 2018 there were 733 hoaks content. In 2019, hoax content increased sharply to 3,801. The drastic increase in the amount of hoax content occurred from February to May, along with the 2019 elections. Not stopping in the 2019 presidential election, until the first half of 2020, the number of hoaks content has reached 1855. The number of hoaks content increased again in March, along with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and continued with the enactment of the Omnibus Law Ciptakerja. The development of social media technology and smartphones is one of the causes of the current hoaks outbreak. The theories used in this study are the concept of hoaxes, social media and the firehose of falsehood, as well as the theory of delegitimization. The focus of the research on youtube social media channel contains a statement from the Indonesian Rescue Action Coalition Movement (KAMI) in the period September – October 2020. Although it is a new group, us members are old figures who have been known to be opposed to the Jokowi government. The research methodology used is qualitative approach with data collection method through observation of video text posted. While the method of data analysis is done by analyzing the content or content to give an idea of the rush of fake news that has the potential to harm threats that can disrupt security stability, can even potentially damage the joints of national and state life, as well as become a threat to the sustainability of democracy. The results of this study concluded that hoaxes are usually chained and re-forward existing information and that the content has similarities to previous hoax content. This study recommends the government to actively educate the public regarding media literacy to be selective in receiving messages.

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Repetition Increases Perceived Truth Even for Known Falsehoods

Cited by 44 publications

References 18 publications

The Effect of Repetition on Truth Judgments Across Development

The Effect of Repetition on Truth Judgments Across Development

The effects of repeating false and misleading information on belief

Hoaks and Resistance to Government Motion Case Study KAMI (Koalisi Aksi Menyelamatkan Indonesia)

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