“…Parents interacting with their infants spontaneously modify their actions in specific ways, relative to how they interact with other adults (Brand et al, 2002(Brand et al, , 2013(Brand et al, , 2009Brand, Shallcross, Sabatos, & Massie, 2007;Rohlfing, Fritsch, Wrede, & Jungmann, 2006). These behavioral modifications, termed infant-directed action (IDA) or motionese, seem to have a pedagogical component: Adults tailor their actions in particular ways to mark things they want infants to learn, such as how to carry out a goal-directed action (Brand et al, 2009;Csibra & Gergely, 2009). Brand et al (2002Brand et al ( , 2007 explored these modifications by providing mothers of infants with novel objects and having these mothers demonstrate actions on the objects either to their infant (age 6-8 months or 11-13 months) or to a close relative or friend.…”