Repellency and toxicity of a CO2-derived cedarwood oil on hard tick species (Ixodidae)

Flor-Weiler, Lina B.; Behle, Robert W.; Eller, Fred J.; Muturi, Ephantus J.; Rooney, Alejandro P.

doi:10.1007/s10493-022-00692-0

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Once on host, they navigate upwards in search of a feeding site. Vertical repellency assays simulate this behavior, exploiting the tendency of ticks to climb [ 19 , 38 , 54 – 56 ]. In nature, a tick would be required to climb vertically without detaching from their climbing surface–whether this be on grass or host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial repellents transfluthrin and metofluthrin affect the behavior of Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis in an in vitro vertical climb assay

Siegel

Olivera²,

Roig³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Repellents serve an important role in bite protection. Tick repellents largely rely on biomechanisms that induce responses with direct contact, but synthetic pyrethroids used as spatial repellents against insects have received recent attention for potential use in tick protection systems. An in vitro vertical climb assay was designed to assess spatial repellency against Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis adult, female ticks. Climbing behavior was assessed with and without the presence of two spatial repellents, transfluthrin and metofluthrin. Repellency parameters were defined to simulate the natural questing behavior of ambushing ticks, including measures of detachment, pseudo-questing duration, climbing deterrence, and activity. Significant effects were observed within each parameter. D. variabilis showed the greatest general susceptibility to each repellent, followed by A. americanum, and I. scapularis. The most important and integrative measure of repellency was climbing deterrence–a measure of the spatial repellent’s ability to disrupt a tick’s natural propensity to climb. Transfluthrin deterred 75% of D. variabilis, 67% of A. americanum, and 50% of I. scapularis. Metofluthrin was slightly more effective, deterring 81% of D. variabilis, 73% of A. americanum, and 72% of I. scapularis. The present study poses a novel paradigm for repellency and reports a preliminary assessment of spatial repellent effect on tick behavior. Further research will assess spatial repellency in a more natural setting, scale exposure conditions, and incorporate host cues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial repellents transfluthrin and metofluthrin affect the behavior of Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis in an in vitro vertical climb assay

Siegel

Olivera²,

Roig³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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“…microplus females treated with 1, 5, and 10% cedarwood oil. However, lack of acaricidal effects of cedarwood oil have previously been reported for A. americanum nymphs (Flor-Weiler et al 2022 ). The differences in effect may be due to the plant source used to produce the essential oil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of the in vitro acaricidal effect of five organic compounds on the cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Chávez

Valencia

Lynn³

et al. 2023

Exp Appl Acarol

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The cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is the most economically important tick worldwide. Infestations with this tick can lead to direct damage and cattle mortality due to the transmission of potentially deadly pathogens. Management of this tick species has been focused on the use of synthetical acaricides; however, the emergence of acaricide resistance to single or multiple active ingredients has resulted in a need for novel acaricide compounds. Among potential avenues for the discovery of novel acaricides are plant-derived compounds. The efficacy of five organic compounds (nootkatone, Stop the Bites®, BioUD®, lavender oil, and cedarwood oil) was evaluated using larval immersion tests (LITs), repellency assays, and adult immersion tests (AITs). The results from the LITs indicate that three of the organic compounds (NootkaShield™, Stop the Bites, BioUD) led to significant mortalities at low concentrations (0.2, 0.02, and 0.08%, respectively). By comparison, lavender and cedar oil led to around 90% mortality at 10 and 1% concentrations, respectively. Similarly, NootkaShield, Stop the Bites, and BioUD had strong repellent properties with over 90% repellency at the two highest concentrations tested. Using the FAO 2004 guidelines, we evaluated the effectiveness of these organic compounds at reducing the fecundity of R. (B.) microplus and show that Nootkatone, Stop the Bites, and BioUD may significantly decrease tick populations (Drummond’s index > 90% at concentrations of 5%), highlighting their potential as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for the control of cattle fever ticks.

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“…Therefore, our research constitutes the first larvicidal and repellency test of C. libani tar on ticks. However, essential oils obtained from the wood of some trees other than the Cedrus genus (e.g., Juniperus, Calocedrus) using diverse extraction methods like steam distillation or supercritical carbon dioxide extraction have demonstrated ovicidal, lethal, and repellent effects on ticks [37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato)

Koc,

Gultekin,

Kahraman

et al. 2023

Molecules

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This study investigated the potential acaricidal and repellent effects of tar obtained from the Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) against the brown dog tick species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The goal was to find an alternative, safe, and effective way to eliminate ticks. Tar is traditionally extracted from cedar trees in the Antalya region of Türkiye. The composition of the tar is primarily characterized by a diverse mixture of terpenes, with β-himachalene (29.16%), α-atlantone (28.7%), ar-turmerone (8.82%), longifolene-(V4) (6.66%), α-himachalene (5.28%), and β-turmerone (5.12%) emerging as the predominant constituents. The toxic effects of tar on tick larvae were studied through larval immersion tests (LIT), and its repellent activity was evaluated using a new larval repellent activity test (LRAT). The results revealed significant acaricidal effects, with mortality rates of 77.7% and 82.2% for the Konyaalti and Kepez strains of the brown dog tick, respectively, in response to a 1% concentration of tar. LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.47% and 1.52% for the Kepez strain and 0.58% and 1.63% for the Konyaalti strain, respectively. When comparing the repellent effect of tar to the widely used synthetic repellent DEET, repellency rates of up to 100% were observed. As a result, this study establishes, for the first time, the larvicidal and repellent effects of C. libani tar on ticks.

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Repellency and toxicity of a CO2-derived cedarwood oil on hard tick species (Ixodidae)

Cited by 9 publications

References 56 publications

Spatial repellents transfluthrin and metofluthrin affect the behavior of Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis in an in vitro vertical climb assay

Spatial repellents transfluthrin and metofluthrin affect the behavior of Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, and Ixodes scapularis in an in vitro vertical climb assay

Evaluation of the in vitro acaricidal effect of five organic compounds on the cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato)

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