Repellency and mortality effects of sunscreens on the shrimp Palaemon varians: Toxicity dependent on exposure method

Not Only Toxic but Repellent: What Can Organisms’ Responses Tell Us about Contamination and What Are the Ecological Consequences When They Flee from an Environment?

“…These authors observed that among the different lineages tested, the sensitivity and early reactiveness of the organisms to avoid copper was directly related to the lethal sensitivity of the lineages. Other invertebrates such as the cladoceran D. magna (exposed to pulp mill effluents [53]; atrazine [51]; and salinity as stress factor [54]), the freshwater copepod Boeckella occidentalis intermedia (crude oil as the contaminant [55]), the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens (salinity as the stress factor [54]), the gastropod Peringia ulvae (sediment spiked with cadmium [56]), the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii (exposure to copper [39,[57][58][59]), the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (exposed to copper [60,61]), and the saltmarsh shrimp Palaemon varians (exposed to musks and sunscreens [25,62]) have been tested for avoidance. In general, the avoidance response reported in those studies was more sensitive than the lethal and some sub-lethal endpoints described by other authors (see references cited above).…”

“…In this sense, it is important to point out that repellency can be as variable as the different chemical structure of the contaminants. In fact, experimental evidence has shown that even potentially toxic chemicals can present a certain level of attractiveness to organisms rather than repellency [25,26,37,81,82].…”

“…Although it is widely known that organisms select their place to live according to their limits of tolerance, food availability, mating success, protection from predators and etc., under this ecological umbrella, the capacity of contaminants to repel organisms and modify their behavioral fitness and spatial distribution is a subject that should be taken into account (see the reviews by De Lange et al [7]; Araújo et al [19], Araújo and Blasco [20] and Moreira-Santos et al [11]), mainly as an early warning signal [21]. The concept of repellency in ecotoxicology is linked to the avoidance behavior triggered by chemicals under conditions in which organisms are given multi-choice experiments, containing at least two chemically different environments [22][23][24][25][26]. The possibility of simulating scenarios in which organisms can move freely among chemically different environments allows us to assess any differences in the level of repellency of the contaminants and understand how this repellency drives the spatial distribution of organisms [27,28].…”

A new approach for the determination of sunscreen levels in seawater by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry

“…seawater, beach sand, aquatic biota, etc.) [5][6][7][8][9] and have been demonstrated to cause a variety of different biological and toxicological responses in marine organisms affecting survival, behavior, growth, development and reproduction [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. As a direct consequence of the detrimental impacts of some organic UV filters on many marine organisms (such as algae, coral, mussels, sea urchins, fish, dolphin) and fragile marine ecosystems (such as coral reefs) [17], some regions (i.e.…”

Aquatic Toxicity Effects and Risk Assessment of ‘Form Specific’ Product-Released Engineered Nanomaterials

“…It is for this reason, the study paid particular attention to investigating the toxic effects of the primary inorganic filters and antimicrobial agent, which are nZnO, nTiO 2 and nAg [77]. The isolation and contribution of each product ingredients to the environmental behaviour and effects of PR-ENMs remains a major scientific challenge in addressing the risks of ENMs [78,79]; however, toxic effects of NEPs have closely been linked to the presence of ENMs despite the potential contribution of other ingredients [19,78,80].…”