Repeated measurements of tibia lead concentrations by in vivo x ray fluorescence in occupational exposure.

Armstrong, R; Chettle, David R.; Scott, Malcolm; Somervaille, L J; Pendlington, M

doi:10.1136/oem.49.1.14

Cited by 30 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Bone lead increases in proportion to the level and duration of exposure, and diminishes very slowly once exposure ceases. A high correlation is seen between XRF-measured tibia lead and a time-integrated blood lead index (16,21). Heterogeneity among bone sites and bone types (cortical vs trabecular) seems to exist, with cortical bones such as the tibia exhibiting very slow kinetics as opposed to the faster turnover of trabecular bones such as the patella and calcaneus (18,21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…A high correlation is seen between XRF-measured tibia lead and a time-integrated blood lead index (16,21). Heterogeneity among bone sites and bone types (cortical vs trabecular) seems to exist, with cortical bones such as the tibia exhibiting very slow kinetics as opposed to the faster turnover of trabecular bones such as the patella and calcaneus (18,21). After treatment with the chelating agent calcium disodium edetate, bone lead levels drop slowly (28) if at all (21), as opposed to blood lead levels, which decrease more rapidly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…There is clear evidence from both autopsy studies and multiplesite XRF studies that bone lead kinetics dichotomize between a cortical bone compartment and a trabecular bone compartment (2,17,21,29). This can be taken into account by measuring both a predominantly cortical bone (i.e., the mid-tibia) and a predominantly trabecular bone (e.g., the calcaneus or patella) in future XRF studies.…”

Section: The Future Of K-xrf and Epidemiology: Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our instrument has two features that are adapted specifically to large epidemiologic studies. The software that runs the instrument and analyzes the resultant spectra is algorithm-driven, allowing the instrument to be operated by a trained technician rather than a physicist (17 (2,(19)(20)(21), in studies comparing lead burden estimated by XRF with lead burden estimated by chelation and cumulative indices of blood lead (22)(23)(24), and in pilot studies of control subjects with no known lead exposure (10,12,25). One group of investigators has been using an L-X-ray fluorescence technique to measure lead burden in children (26); the same investigators also conducted a survey of lead burden among factory workers (27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Bone Lead Measured by X-Ray Fluorescence: Epidemiologic Methods

Hu¹,

Aro²,

Rotnitzky³

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In vivo X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement of bone lead concentration (XRF) has emerged as an important technique for future epidemiological studies of long-term toxicity. Several issues germane to epidemiologic methodology need to be addressed, however. First, sources of variability in measurements of bone lead need to be quantified, including imprecision related to the physical measurement itself and the variability of lead deposition over the two main compartments of bones (cortical vs. trabecular) and within each compartment. Imprecision related to the physical measurement can be estimated for each individual measurement based on the variability of the signal and background. Second, approaches to low-level data need to be debated. We argue for using the minimal detection limit (MDL) to compare instruments and interpret individual measurements; however, with regard to epidemiologic studies, we would abandon the MDL in favor of using all point estimates. In analyses using bone lead as an independent variable, statistical techniques can be used to adjust regression estimates based on estimates of measurement uncertainty and bone lead variability. Third, factors that can be expected to modify the relationship between bone lead and toxicity such as gravida history, endocrinological states, nutrition, and other important influences on bone metabolism, need to be identified and measured in epidemiologic studies. By addressing these issues, investigators will be able to maximize the utility of XRF measurements in environmental epidemiologic studies. -Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl 1):1 05-110 (1995)

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: The Future Of K-xrf and Epidemiology: Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bone Lead Measured by X-Ray Fluorescence: Epidemiologic Methods

Hu¹,

Aro²,

Rotnitzky³

1995

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The method using 109Cd-based fluorescence of the K shell X-rays of lead has been applied most widely because of its intrinsic methodological advantages, including a high degree of measurement accuracy that is robust against movement by the subject and independent of overlying tissue thickness (33)(34)(35)(36)(37) Substantial interest surrounds the hypothesis that there exists a genetic basis for observed interindividual differences in susceptibility to lead (21). The hypothesis that genetic polymorphism in the home biosynthetic enzyme ALAD accounts, at least in part, for this variability has been generated by researchers at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (38).…”

Section: Measurement Of the Body Burden Ofleadmentioning

confidence: 99%