“…↓ Serum glucose by 13% ↓ Serum insulin by 23% ↑ cGMP level in epididymal adipose tissue by 85% ↑ Adipocyte density by 193% (epididymal adipose tissue) ↓ Adipocyte area by 53% (epididymal adipose tissue) ↑ Expression of browning genes in epididymal adipose tissue (↑ mRNA and protein levels of PPAR-γ, PGC1-α, and UCP-1 to their normal values) ↓ Fasting glucose ↓ Gluconeogenesis (measured by IP-PTT) Improved glucose tolerance Restored CAT activity to near normal value Restored elevated TOS to near normal value Restored decreased TAC levels to near normal value ↑ Serum SOD, GSH, and GSH-to-GSSG ratio ↓ Serum glucose and insulin, ↔ HbA1c ↑ Glucose tolerance (measured by IP-GTT) ↑ Insulin sensitivity (measured by QUICKI) ↓ Gluconeogenesis (measured by IP-PTT) ↑ GLUT4 mRNA expression and protein levels in the soleus muscle by 215% and 17% ↑ GLUT4 mRNA expression and protein levels in the epididymal adipose tissue by 344% and 22% ↔ GSIS, islet insulin content ↑ Serum CAT activity, ↓ Serum IL-1β ↔ Serum TBARS ↓ Elevated iNOS mRNA expression in the soleus ↑ GSIS (by 34%), ↔ BIS ↑ ↓ HbA1c, Fasting glucose ↓ Pro-insulin to insulin ratio ↑ Glucose tolerance (measured by IP-GTT)↔, no change; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease. ACh, acetylcholine; BIS, basal insulin secretion; CAT, catalase; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; G6P, glucose-6-phosphatase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HO-1; heme oxygenase-1; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-1β, interleukin -1β; iNOS, inducible NOS; IP-GTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; IP-ITT, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test; IP-PTT, intraperitoneal pyruvate tolerance test; IV-GTT, intravenous glucose tolerance test; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PGC1-α, PPAR-γ coactivator 1 alpha; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; phox, phagocyte oxidase; QUICKI, quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STZ, streptozotocin; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TBARS, thiobarbituric reactive substances; TG, triglycerides; TOS, total oxidant status; TC, total cholesterol; UCP-1, uncoupling protein 1.− and NO 2− , e.g., reducing peripheral and central systolic and diastolic blood pressures[75], have been highlighted in non-diabetic subjects by several clinical studies.…”