“…Tools used in the U.S. conservation community include, for example, the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS) Adaptation Workbook (Swanston et al, 2016), the Climate-Smart Conservation Cycle (Stein et al, 2014), and the Adaptation for Conservation Targets framework (Cross et al, 2012). These tools, along with other approaches such as scenario-based planning (Rowland, Cross, & Hartmann, 2014;Runyon et al, 2020) and the design of ecosystem-based adaptation initiatives (Donatti et al, 2019), require extensive resources, scientific information and expertise, and time to assess climate risks and vulnerabilities at a local scale. These planning approaches generally rely on a cycle of steps to define purpose and scope, assess climate impacts and vulnerabilities, review/revise goals, identify and evaluate possible actions, implement priority actions, assess effectiveness, and then iterate to incorporate emerging information.…”